Publikationen

Other papers | 2014

Kinetic scheme of biomass pyrolysis considering secondary charring reactions

Anca-Couce A, Mehrabian R, Scharler R, Obernberger I. Kinetic scheme of biomass pyrolysis considering secondary charring reactions. Energy Conversion and Management. 2014;87:687-96.

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A widely applicable kinetic scheme for pyrolysis is still missing. In this work an adaptation of the mechanistic scheme developed by Ranzi et al. (2008) for pyrolysis of small ash free biomass particles is proposed. The scheme is modified to include secondary char formation reactions, which are relevant for particles of a certain thickness, and sugar formation is avoided due to the catalytic effect of alkali metals in biomass. The predictions of the adapted scheme are compared to experimental data from the literature of pyrolysis in fixed beds of particles with a size of around 1 cm. It is shown that the adaptation improves the prediction of the final char yield and its CHO composition and also the yields of the main groups of volatiles, as carbonyls + alcohols, sugars and water vapor. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Other papers | 2014

Kinetic scheme to predict product composition of biomass torrefaction

Anca-Couce A, Mehrabian R, Scharler R, Obernberger I. Kinetic scheme to predict product composition of biomass torrefaction [Internet]; 2014 [cited 2015 Aug 12]. Available from: www.scopus.com.

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A kinetic scheme for the prediction of product composition of torrefaction is presented in this work. The scheme is based on a pyrolysis scheme for fast pyrolysis of small ash free biomass particles and was adapted to consider the presence of secondary char formation reactions, the inhibition of sugar formation due to the catalytic effect of alkali metals in biomass, as well as the typical hemicellulose structure of hardwoods. The torrgas composition predicted by the model is compared to experimental data of torrefaction in a lab-scale packed bed reactor. It is shown that the adapted model is able to predict the yields of the main volatile groups, i.e., permanent gases, light and heavy condensable species and the yields of the several groups in which condensable species were classified based on their structure, i.e., carbonyls and alcohols, furans, phenolics as well as water vapour. Copyright © 2014,AIDIC Servizi S.r.l.

Conference presentations and posters | 2014

Low energy houses heated by biomass boilers: optimization of the heating system control strategy by means of dynamic simulation

Carlon E, Schwarz M, Schmidl C, Baratieri M, Gasparella A, Haslinger W. Low energy houses heated by biomass boilers: optimization of the heating system control strategy by means of dynamic simulation, 3rd International High Performance Buildings Conference at Purdue 2014, 14th-17th of July 2014, Purdue, USA. (peer reviewed)

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Other Publications | 2014

Microalgae as source of biogas: Anaerobic digestion of un- and pre-treated biomass

Gruber M, Zohar E, Jerney J, Nussbaumer M, Ludwig I, Hieger C, Bromberger P, Bochmann G, Obbard JP, Schagerl M, Fuchs W, Drosg B. Microalgae as source of biogas: Anaerobic digestion of un- and pre-treated biomass, Algae Networking Event 2014, 11th of September 2014, Dürnrohr, Austria. (oral presentation)

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Other papers | 2014

Model based control of a small-scale biomass boiler

Gölles M, Reiter S, Brunner T, Dourdoumas N, Obernberger I. Model based control of a small-scale biomass boiler. Control Engineering Practice. 2014;22(1):94-102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conengprac.2013.09.012

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Because of increased efforts to reduce CO2 emissions a significant step in the development of small-scale (residential) biomass boilers for space heating has been achieved in recent years. Currently, the full potential for low-emission operation at high efficiencies, which is in principle possible due to optimized furnace geometries as well as combustion air staging strategies, cannot be exploited since there is still the need to enhance the controllers applied. For this reason, a model based control strategy for small-scale biomass boilers was developed and successfully implemented in a commercially available system. Thereby, appropriate mathematical models were developed for all relevant parts of the furnace and connected to an overall model subsequently used for the control unit design. The resulting controller is based on the input–output linearization and the state variables are estimated by an extended Kalman filter. Finally, the new control was implemented at a commercially available small-scale biomass boiler and the experimental verification showed a significant improvement of the operating behaviour in comparison to the conventional control.

Other papers | 2014

Model based control of the secondary air massflow of biomass furnaces [Modellbasierte Regelung des Sekundärluftmassenstromes bei Biomasse-Feuerungsanlagen]

Schörghuber C, Gölles M, Dourdoumas N, Obernberger I. Model based control of the secondary air massflow of biomass furnaces. At-Automatisierungstechnik. 2014;62(7):487-99.

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To influence the combustion process of modern biomass furnaces specifically the combustion-controller determines the necessary mass flows. The gaseous mass flows can be adjusted by fans and flaps. To ensure the desired overall performance of the furnace the mass flows need to be set by inner control loops respectively. Within the work described in this paper a model based approach for the control design of the inner control loop is presented exemplarily for the secondary air supply. Thereby a flatness-based feedforward control will be designed by means of an appropriate model. © 2014 Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag GmbH.

Conference presentations and posters | 2014

Model based optimization of a combined biomass-solar thermal system

Stift F, Hartl M, Ferhatbegović T, Aigenbauer S, Simetzberger A. Model based optimization of a combined biomass-solar thermal system. Energy Procedia. 2014;48:681-688. (peer reviewed)

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Other Publications | 2014

Modellierung und Regelung eines Pufferspeichers in Kombination mit einer Biomassefeuerung

Hemmer, J. Modellierung und Regelung eines Pufferspeichers in Kombination mit einer Biomassefeuerung, Master Thesis, Technische Universität Graz, Graz, Austria, 2014.

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Die vorliegende Arbeit widmet sich der Herleitung mathematischer Simulationsmodelle eines Pufferspeichers, eines Solarkollektors sowie eines Plattenwärmeübertragers. Dabei wird das Simulationsmodell des Pufferspeichers anhand eines am Markt verfügbaren Pufferspeichers entwickelt. Die mathematischen Beschreibungen der Simulationsmodelle basieren auf einer partiellen Differentialgleichung zur Beschreibung der Wärmeübertragung in einem durchströmten zylindrischen Rohr. Nach dem Erhalt der mathematischen Modelle werden diese mit einem impliziten Lösungsverfahren numerisch gelöst. Anschließend werden die experimentell zu ermittelnden Parameter des Pufferspeichermodells anhand gezielt durchgeführter Versuche bestimmt. Nach dem Ermitteln der Parameter wird das Simulationsmodell des Pufferspeichers mit einem weiteren Versuch experimentell verifiziert. Schlussendlich bildet das mathematische Modell des Pufferspeichers den untersuchten Pufferspeicher sehr zufriedenstellend ab, womit ein Simulationsmodell vorliegt, das gezielte Untersuchungen ohne aufwändige Versuche ermöglicht. Abschließend wird eine Regelung für die Wärmeübertragung aus dem Solarkollektor in den Pufferspeicher entwickelt. Dabei werden zwei in der Praxis übliche Verfahren untersucht. Bei der ersten Variante erfolgt die Übertragung der Wärme in den Pufferspeicher über ein im Pufferspeicher integriertes Solarregister. Bei der zweiten Variante erfolgt die Übertragung der Wärme über einen Plattenwärmeübertrager vom Wasser-Frostschutzgemisch auf Wasser, welches dann direkt in den Pufferspeicher eingespeist wird. Als Reglerstruktur wird in beiden Fällen ein Standard-Regelkreis mit einer statischen Vorsteuerung verwendet. Anhand von Simulationsstudien werden zunächst die Parameter des PI-Reglers festgelegt und in weiterer Folge die mit der jeweiligen Variante resultierenden Temperaturverläufe des Wassers im Pufferspeicher untersucht und gegenübergestellt. Dabei stellt sich heraus, dass die Temperatur des Wassers im Pufferspeicher, bei gleich bleibender Strahlungsstromdichte der Solarstrahlung Igauf den Solarkollektor, die gewünschte Solltemperatur bei Wärmeübertragung mittels Plattenwärmeübertrager schneller erreicht, als bei Wärmeübertragung durch das Solarregister. Darüber hinaus ermöglicht die Verwendung des Plattenwärmeübertragers eine Schichtung der Temperatur des Wassers im Pufferspeicher und somit eine Speicherung der Wärme auf einen höheren Temperaturniveau.

Peer reviewed papers | 2014

Multi-physics modelling of packed bed biomass combustion

Mehrabian R, Shiehnejadhesar A, Scharler R, Obernberger I. Multi-physics modelling of packed bed biomass combustion. Fuel. 2014;122:164-78.

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A transient 3D model for two main zones, namely the fuel bed and the freeboard, of biomass packed bed combustion systems was developed. It integrates the models for the biomass conversion sub-processes and solves the governing equations for the gas and solid phase and their interactions. The intra-particle gradients are included by considering the biomass particles as thermally thick particles. The shrinkage of the packed bed and the variations of the bed porosity due to the uneven consumption of the fuel are taken into account. Detailed kinetic mechanisms are used for the simulation of homogeneous gas phase reactions. To verify the model and to increase the understanding of packed bed combustion, laboratory-scale fixed-bed batch experiments have been performed in a reactor with 9.5 cm diameter and 10 cm length. The model performance was extensively validated with gas phase measurements (CO, CO2, CH4, H2, H2O and O2) above the fuel bed, temperatures at different heights in the bed and in the freeboard, and the propagation rate of reaction front. The simulation results are in a good agreement with the measured values. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Conference presentations and posters | 2014

Off-gassing – Safety issues related with harmful emissions from wood pellets

Emhofer W. Second International Workshop on Pellet Safety “Off-gassing – Safety issues related with harmful emissions from wood pellets”, 5th of May, Fügen, Austria, 2014.

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Conference presentations and posters | 2014

Off-gassing –Safety issues related with emissions from wood pellets along the pellet supply chain

Emhofer W, et al. Pellets Workshop ” Off-gassing –Safety issues related with emissions from wood pellets along the pellet supply chain” (held held during the Central European Biomass Conference 2014), 15th-18th of January, Graz, Austria, 2014.

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Conference presentations and posters | 2014

Optimising the heating system of a low energy house

Rimoldi M, Carlon E. Optimising the heating system of a low energy house, Word Sustainable Energy Days next 2014, 26th-28th of February 2014, Wels, Austria.

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Other Publications | 2014

Pellet off-gassing during storage: The impact of storage conditions and type of source material

Meier, F. Pellet off-gassing during storage: The impact of storage conditions and type of source material, Master Thesis, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Vienna, Austria, 2014.

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Conference presentations and posters | 2014

Performances of a non-sulfided CoMo/SiO2-Al2O3 hydrocracking catalyst used in BtL Technology

Sauciuc A, Ganea R, Dumitrescu L, Rauch R, Hofbauer H. Performances of a non-sulfided CoMo/SiO2-Al2O3 hydrocracking catalyst used in BtL Technology, 4th International Symposium on Gasification and its Applications (iSGA-4) 2014, 2nd-5th of September 2014, Vienna, Austria.

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Conference presentations and posters | 2014

Price cointegration in the Austrian wood fuel market,

Kristöfel C, Morawetz UB, Schmid E, Strasser C. Price cointegration in the Austrian wood fuel market, 22nd European Biomass Conference 2014, 23rd-26th of June 2014, Hamburg, Germany. p 1330-1335.

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The wood fuel market is connected to the forest­based industry in various ways: the sawmill by­ products such as sawdust and wood chips are usually used as raw material in the panel, pulp and paper industry and are increasingly pelletized to supply the energy commodity market. Hence, the question arises whether or not prices of these woody biomass commodities are integrated. Threshold cointegration and asymmetric error correction models are used to analyze the price dynamics between roundwood, wood pellets and sawmill by­ products. Results indicate that a statistical significant price transmission between sawmill by­products and wood pellets, but wood pellet and roundwood prices are not integrated. The price transmission between wood pellets and sawdust as well as wood chips is asymmetric. The Granger Causality test reveals that the prices of sawdust and wood chips depend on the price of wood pellets.

Conference presentations and posters | 2014

Promotion of bioenergy initiatives in Centru Region, Romania

Kristöfel C, Ehrig R, Strasser C. Promotion of bioenergy initiatives in Centru Region Romania, 4th Central European Biomass Conference 2014, 15th-18th of January 2014, Graz, Austria.

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Conference presentations and posters | 2014

Promotion of successful bioenergy initiatives in Eastern Europe

Kristöfel C. Promotion of successful bioenergy initiatives in Eastern Europe, Word Sustainable Energy Days 2014, 26th-28th of February 2014, Wels, Austria. (visual presentation)

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Other papers | 2014

Quantitation of aging products formed in biodiesel during the Rancimat accelerated oxidation test

Flitsch S, Neu PM, Schober S, Kienzl N, Ullmann J, Mittelbach M. Quantitation of aging products formed in biodiesel during the Rancimat accelerated oxidation test. Energy and Fuels. 2014;28(9):5849-56.

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Biodiesel (rapeseed oil methyl ester) was aged in a Rancimat device at a temperature of 110°C and an air flow of 10 L/h. Time-resolved analyses applying gas chromatography-flame ionization detection, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and ion-exchange chromatography on the formation of aging products were performed. Formic and acetic acid, fatty acids with chain lengths from 5 to 18 carbon atoms, fatty acid methyl esters, and epoxides were quantified. After 12 h of aging, the concentrations of formic and acetic acid were 5600 ± 80 and 1360 ± 80 mg/kg, respectively. Fatty acid concentrations were in the range of <18-4200 mg/kg after 18 h of aging. Linoleic acid methyl ester and linolenic acid methyl ester (19 and 9.1 mass % of the non-aged fuel) were shown to be fully decomposed after 24 and 18 h of aging, respectively. After 51 h of aging, the concentration of oleic acid methyl ester (63 mass % of the non-aged fuel) decreased to 2.2 mass % and trans-epoxy stearic acid methyl ester and cis-epoxy stearic acid methyl ester reached concetrations of 5.9 and 0.7 mass %, respectively. The fuel composition shows only minor changes in early stages of aging, and a strong timely correlation of the formation of aging products with the end of the induction period of fuel was observed. © 2014 American Chemical Society.

Peer reviewed papers | 2014

Reducing the risk of foaming and decreasing viscosity by two-stage anaerobic digestion of sugar beet pressed pulp

Stoyanova E, Forsthuber B, Pohn S, Schwarz C, Fuchs W, Bochmann G. Reducing the risk of foaming and decreasing viscosity by two-stage anaerobic digestion of sugar beet pressed pulp. Biodegradation. 2014;25(2):277-89.

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Anaerobic digestion (AD) of sugar beet pressed pulp (SBPP) is a promising treatment concept. It produces biogas as a renewable energy source making sugar production more energy efficient and it turns SBPP from a residue into a valuable resource. In this study one- and two-stage mono fermentation at mesophilic conditions in a continuous stirred tank reactor were compared. Also the optimal incubation temperature for the pre-acidification stage was studied. The fastest pre-acidification, with a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 4 days, occurred at a temperature of 55 °C. In the methanogenic reactor of the two-stage system stable fermentation at loading rate of 7 kg VS/m3 d was demonstrated. No artificial pH adjustment was necessary to maintain optimum levels in both the pre-acidification and the methanogenic reactor. The total HRT of the two-stage AD was 36 days which is considerably lower compared to the one-stage AD (50 days). The frequently observed problem of foaming at high loading rates was less severe in the two-stage reactor. Moreover the viscosity of digestate in the methanogenic stage of the two-stage fermentation was in average tenfold lower than in the one-stage fermentation. This decreases the energy input for the reactor stirring about 80 %. The observed advantages make the two-stage process economically attractive, despite higher investments for a two reactor system. © 2013 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht.
 

Conference presentations and posters | 2014

Residential Wood Combustion (RWC) -Investigation of user behavior and operating conditions regarding stoves and their impact on emissions and efficiency

Reichert G, Schmidl C, Haslinger W, Moser W, Aigenbauer S, Figl F, Wöhler M. Residential Wood Combustion (RWC) -Investigation of user behavior and operating conditions regarding stoves and their impact on emissions and efficiency, 4th Central European Biomass Conference 2014, 15th-18th of January 2014, Graz, Austria.

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Conference presentations and posters | 2014

Rolle und Potenzial der Bioenergie für die Wärmeversorgung der Zukunft

Haslinger W. Rolle und Potenzial der Bioenergie für die Wärmeversorgung der Zukunft, Technologiegespräche Alpbach 2014, 13th-29th of August 2014, Alpbach, Austria.

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Other Publications | 2014

Scenedesmus obliquus as Source for Biogas: Anaerobic Digestion of Untreated and Pre-treated Biomass.

Gruber M, Zohar E, Jerney J, Bochmann G, Obbard JP, Schagerl M, Fuchs W, Drosg B. Scenedesmus obliquus as Source for Biogas: Anaerobic Digestion of Untreated and Pre-treated Biomass, 15. Tagung der Sektion Phykologie der DGB 2014, 23rd-26th of February 2014, Stralsund, Germany.

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Peer reviewed papers | 2014

Seeing about soil — management lessons from a simple model for renewable resources

Lichtenegger K, Schappacher W. Seeing about soil — management lessons from a simple model for renewable resources. International Journal of Modern Physics C. 2014;25(8).

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Employing an effective cellular automata model, we investigate and analyze the build-up and erosion of soil. Depending on the strategy employed for handling agricultural production, in many cases we find a critical dependence on the prescribed production target, with a sharp transition between stable production and complete breakdown of the system.

Strategies which are particularly well-suited for mimicking real-world management approaches can produce almost cyclic behavior, which can also either lead to sustainable production or to breakdown.

While designed to describe the dynamics of soil evolution, this model is quite general and may also be useful as a model for other renewable resources and may even be employed in other disciplines like psychology.

Conference presentations and posters | 2014

Sicherheit bei der Lagerung von Pellets

Emhofer W. Sicherheit bei der Lagerung von Pellets, Highlights der Energieforschung VIII - Erneuerbares Heizen und Kühlen 2014, 11th of July 2014, Vienna, Austria

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Conference presentations and posters | 2014

Status fortschrittlicher Biokraftstoffe

Bacovsky D. Status fortschrittlicher Biokraftstoffe, 7. EID Kraftstoff-Forum 2014, 18th-19th of March 2014, Hamburg, Germany

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Other papers | 2014

Strategy for the application of novel characterization methods for biomass fuels: Case study of straw

Obernberger I. Strategy for the application of novel characterization methods for biomass fuels: Case study of straw. Energy and Fuels. 2014;28(2):1041-52.

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Because of an increasing interest in the utilization of new and in terms of combustion-related properties rather unknown biomass fuels in heat and power production, advanced fuel characterization tools are gaining rising interest. Currently, ongoing research and development (R&D) focuses on a better and more precise description of the combustion properties of specific biomass fuels by applying new/advanced analysis methods and modeling tools. These novel characterization methods cover combustion tests in specially designed lab reactors, special fuel indices for biomass fuels, and the dedicated application of high-temperature equilibrium calculations. In this paper, a strategy is presented how the information gained from different advanced fuel characterization methods can be combined to characterize a fuel regarding its combustion behavior in a novel way. By means of this strategy, relevant qualitative and quantitative information regarding the ash-melting behavior, aerosol, SOx, HCl, and NOx emissions to be expected, and high-temperature corrosion risks can be gained. In addition, the approach can also be used for the evaluation of additives and fuel blending as measures to improve specific combustion properties. The results show that a much better and clearer picture about the combustion properties of a specific biomass fuel can be provided than by conventional approaches (such as wet chemical analysis or other standardized methods). The results can be used for the preliminary design of plants as well as for evaluation of the applicability of a specific technology for a certain biomass fuel or fuel spectrum. Moreover, they can be applied in combination with computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations for the detailed design and evaluation of furnaces and boilers. © 2014 American Chemical Society.

Conference presentations and posters | 2014

Synergies of Wastewater and Microalgae Cultivation

Sonnleitner A, Bacovsky D, Bochmann G, Drosg B, Schagerl M. Synergies of Wastewater and Microalgae Cultivation, Word Sustainable Energy Days next 2014, 26th-28th of February 2014, Wels, Austria.

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Current international research results identify microalgae as a new and promising feedstock for the global energy supply chain. A novel concept to reduce costs and cover the need of water and nutrients is the combination of wastewater treatment and microalgae cultivation. In Austria in particular brewery and dairy effluents as well as municipal wastewater would be suitable for algae cultivation. Cultivation systems practical for the use of wastewater are High Rate Algal Ponds (open system, suspended culture), Algal Turf Scrubbers (open system, immobilized culture) and Photobioreactors (closed systems, suspended culture). The cultivation of microalgae in general and the special case of wastewater as nutrient source face a variety of challenges either concerning the accumulation of microalgal cells in wastewater (upstream process) or their removal and processing (downstream process). Taking a look at the whole production chain shows that for effluents of breweries, dairies
and smale-scale municipal wastewater no feasible concept for the combination of microalgae cultivation and wastewater treatment can be designed. A promising production concept for large-scale municipal wastewater treatment plants are HRAPs or biofilm production in ATS systems for energetic and material pathways. Various R&D challenges are to overcome to lead to an optimization and further development of technologies for combined wastewater treatment and microalgae cultivation in Austria.

Peer reviewed papers | 2014

Techno-economic study of a heat pump enhanced flue gas heat recovery for biomass boilers

Hebenstreit B, Schnetzinger R, Ohnmacht R, Höftberger E, Lundgren J, Haslinger W, et al. Techno-economic study of a heat pump enhanced flue gas heat recovery for biomass boilers. Biomass Bioenergy. 2014;71:12-22.

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An active condensation system for the heat recovery of biomass boilers is evaluated. The active condensation system utilizes the flue gas enthalpy exiting the boiler by combining a quench and a compression heat pump. The system is modelled by mass and energy balances. This study evaluates the operating costs, primary energy efficiency and greenhouse gas emissions on an Austrian data basis for four test cases. Two pellet boilers (10kW and 100kW) and two wood chip boilers (100kW and 10MW) are considered. The economic analysis shows a decrease in operating costs between 2% and 13%. Meanwhile the primary energy efficiency is increased by 3-21%. The greenhouse gas emissions in CO2 equivalents are calculated to 15.3-27.9kg MWh-1 based on an Austrian electricity mix. The payback time is evaluated on a net present value (NPV) method, showing a payback time of 2-12 years for the 10MW wood chip test case. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd.

Other papers | 2014

The Biomass Technology Roadmap of the RHC-Platform: Priorities for high efficient large-scale CHP units

Grammelis P, Goodwin N, Alakangas E, Haslinger W, Karampinis E. The Biomass Technology Roadmap of the RHC-Platform: Priorities for high efficient large-scale CHP units. VGB PowerTech. 2014;6:74-79.

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Die europäische Technologie-Plattform für Heizen und Kühlen mit erneuerbaren Energien (RHC-Plattform, www.rhc-platform.org) fördert die Forschung und Entwicklung bei der Wärme- und Kälteproduktion aus erneuerbaren Energiequellen in der EU. Die verschiedenen Endanwendungen (Strom und/oder Bereitstellung von Wärme, Kraftstoff) setzen eine Verdoppelung der Biomassenutzung voraus, um die 20-20-20-Ziele der EU zu erreichen. Neue Ressourcen müssen erschlossen, mobilisiert und der Wirkungsgrad der Umwandlungsprozesse gesteigert werden. In Biomasse-Heizkraftwerken sowie Heizwerken werden derzeit mehr als ein Drittel des gesamten Biomasseaufkommens eingesetzt. Dies führt zu neuen, gemeinsamen Herausforderungen für den Strom- und Wärmesektor.
Das Biomasse-Panel der RHC-Plattform hat Schwerpunkte für Forschung und Entwicklung definiert, um bestimmte Kennzahlen für Biomassewertschöpfungsketten zu erreichen. Der vorliegende Beitrag stellt die Prioritäten für die Bestandteile der Wertschöpfungsketten vor, die relevant für den Strombereich sind:
a) nachhaltige und kosten-effiziente Biomasseversorgungsketten, b) thermisch behandelte Biomasse-Brennstoffe und c) hoch-effiziente KWK-Anlagen.
Herausforderungen für den Anlagenbetrieb sind Brennstoffflexibilität, Wirkungsgraderhöhung über den vollen Lastbereich, Betrieb mit variablen Brennstoffen und Qualitäten bei variablen Lastzuständen, höhere Betriebsparameter für Dampf und andere Wärmeträger, höhere Anlagenverfügbarkeit, Reduktion von unerwünschten gas- und partikelförmigen Emissionen und schließlich die Ascheverwertung.
 

Conference presentations and posters | 2014

Thermal simulation of a pellet boiler and a heat storage tank for future control strategies

Schnetzinger R, Musumarra I, Hebenstreit B, Lichtenegger K, Schwarz M, Höftberger E. Thermal simulation of a pellet boiler and a heat storage tank for future control strategies, 4th Central European Biomass Conference 2014, 15th-18th of January 2014, Graz, Austria.

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Other Publications | 2014

Thermo-chemical pre-treatment of brewers' spent grains

Gorter S, Rachbauer L, Scheidl S, Gabauer W, Ortner M, Bochmann G. Thermo-chemical pre-treatment of brewers' spent grains, 4th Central European Biomass Conference 2014, 15th-18th of January 2014, Graz, Austria.

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Conference presentations and posters | 2014

Torrefied pellets – influence of torrefaction on pellet characteristics and combustion behaviour

Pointner C, Schmutzer-Roseneder I, Feldmeier S, Kristöfel C, Ehrig R, Schwabl M, Strasser C, Wörgetter M. Torrefied pellets – influence of torrefaction on pellet characteristics and combustion behavior, 4th Central European Biomass Conference 2014, 15th-18th of January 2014, Graz, Austria.

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Conference presentations and posters | 2014

Towards a Stochastic Cellular Automata Model of Log Wood Combustion

Lichtenegger K, Schappacher W, Hebenstreit B, Schmidl C, Höftberger E. Towards a Stochastic Cellular Automata Model of Log Wood Combustion. Journal of Physics: Conference Series. 2014:490:102015. (peer reviewed)

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Describing the combustion of log wood and others solid fuels with complex geometry, considerable water content and often heterogenous struture is a nontrivial task. Stochastic Cellular Automata models offer a promising approach for modelling such processes. Combustion models of this type exhibit several similarities to the well-known forest fire models, but there are also significant differences between those two types of models. These differences call for a detailed analysis and the development of supplementary modeling approaches. In this
article we define a qualitative two-dimensional model of burning log wood, discuss the most important differences to classical forest fire models and present some preliminary results.

Conference presentations and posters | 2014

Transport Biofuels in Europe - A Vision for 2030

Wörgetter M. Transport Biofuels in Europe - A Vision for 2030, Fuels of the Future 2014, 20th-21st of January 2014, Berlin, Germany.

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Other papers | 2014

Wood Gas Processing To Generate Pure Hydrogen Suitable for PEM Fuel Cells

Fail S, Diaz N, Benedikt F, Kraussler M, Hinteregger J, Bosch K, et al. Wood gas processing to generate pure hydrogen suitable for PEM fuel cells. ACS Sustainable Chemistry and Engineering. 2014;2(12):2690-8.

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A test campaign was carried out to generate renewable hydrogen based on wood gas derived from the commercial biomass steam gasification plant in Oberwart, Austria. The implemented process consisted of four operation units: (I) catalyzed water-gas shift (WGS) reaction, (II) gas drying and cleaning in a wet scrubber, (III) hydrogen purification by pressure swing adsorption, and (IV) use of the generated biohydrogen (BioH2) in a proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell. For almost 250 h, a reliable and continuous operation was achieved. A total of 560 (Ln dry basis (db))/h of wood gas were extracted to produce 280 (Ln db)/h of BioH2 with a purity of 99.97 vol %db. The catalyzed WGS reaction enabled a hydrogen recovery of 128% (nBioH2)/(nH2,wood gas) over the whole process chain. An extensive chemical analysis of the main gas components and trace components (sulfur, CxHy, and ammonia) was carried out. No PEM fuel cell poisons were measured in the generated BioH2. The only detectable impurities in the product were 0.02 vol %db of O2 and 0.01 vol %db of N2. © 2014 American Chemical Society.

Conference presentations and posters | 2015

"Investigations on the catalytic activity of bed material coating regarding the water-gas-shift reaction and the steam reforming of model compounds for lighter and heavier hydrocarbons"

Kuba M, Havlik F, Kirnbauer F, Hofbauer H. Investigations on the catalytic activity of bed material coating regarding the water-gas-shift reaction and the steam reforming of model compounds for lighter and heavier hydrocarbons, 23rd European Biomass Conference 2015, 1st-4th of June 2015, Vienna, Austria. (oral presentation)

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Peer reviewed papers | 2015

Acutodesmus obliquus as a benchmark strain for evaluating methane production from microalgae: Influence of different storage and pretreatment methods on biogas yield

Gruber-Brunhumer MR, Jerney J, Zohar E, Nussbaumer M, Hieger C, Bochmann G, Schagerl M, Obbard JP, Fuchs W, Drosg B. Acutodesmus obliquus as a benchmark strain for evaluating methane production from microalgae: Influence of different storage and pretreatment methods on biogas yield. Algal Research. 01 November 2015;12:230-238.

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Peer reviewed papers | 2015

Air staging to reduce emissions from energy crop combustion in small scale applications

Carroll JP, Finnan JM, Biedermann F, Brunner T, Obernberger I. Air staging to reduce emissions from energy crop combustion in small scale applications. Fuel. 2015;155:37-43.

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The results of experimental work to investigate the effects of air staging on emissions from energy crop combustion in small scale applications are presented. Five different biomass fuels (wood, willow, miscanthus, tall fescue and cocksfoot) were combusted in a small scale (35 kW) biomass boiler and three different tests looking at the effects of (1) air ratio in the primary combustion chamber (primary air ratio), (2) temperature in the primary combustion chamber, and (3) overall excess air ratio, on NOx and particulate emissions were conducted. It was shown that by varying the primary air ratio, NOx emission reductions of between 15% (wood) and 30% (Miscanthus) and PM1 reductions of between 16% (cocksfoot) and 26% (wood) were possible. For all fuels, both NOx and particulate emissions were minimised at a primary air ratio of 0.8. Particulate emissions from miscanthus increased with increasing temperature in the primary combustion chamber, NOx emissions from Miscanthus and from willow also increased with temperature. Overall excess air ratio has no effect on emissions as no significant differences were found for any of the fuels. Emissions of particulates and oxides of nitrogen from a wide range of biomass feedstocks can be minimised by optimising the primary air ratio and by maintaining a temperature in the primary combustion chamber of approximately 900 °C.

Peer reviewed papers | 2015

Anaerobic digestion of thermal pretreated brewers' spent grains

Bochmann G, Drosg B, Fuchs W. Anaerobic digestion of thermal pretreated brewers' spent grains. Environmental Progress and Sustainable Energy. 2015;34(4):1092-6.

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Anaerobic digestion offers a good opportunity to degrade residues from breweries to biogas. To improve the anaerobic degradation process thermal pretreatment of brewers' spent grains (BSG) offers the opportunity to increase degradation rate and biogas yield. Aim of the work is to show the influence of the thermal pretreatment of BSG to anaerobic digestion. BSG were pretreated at different temperature levels from 100 to 200°C. The biogas production of thermally pretreated BSG lies between 30 and 40% higher than for untreated reference. The temperature of the pretreatment process has a significant influence on the degradation rate or gas yield, respectively. Up to a temperature of 160°C, the biogas yield rises. Temperatures over 160°C result in a slower degradation and decreasing biogas yield. Substrate with and without pretreatment gave a daily biogas yield of 430 and 389 Nm3 × kg-1 VS, respectively. Batch analysis of the biochemical methane potential gives a total methane yield of 409.8 Nm3 CH4 × kg-1 VS of untreated brewers' spent grains and 467.6 Nm3 CH4 × kg-1 VS of the pretreated samples. For pretreatment energy balance estimation has been carried out. Without any heat recovery demand is higher than the energy surplus resulting from pretreatment of BSG. With energy recovery by heat exchanger the net energy yield could be increased to 38.87 kWh × kg-1 FM or 8.81%. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog.

Peer reviewed papers | 2015

Application of an empirical model in CFD simulations to predict the local high temperature corrosion potential in biomass fired boilers.

Gruber T, Scharler R, Obernberger I. Application of an empirical model in CFD simulations to predict the local high temperature corrosion potential in biomass fired boilers. Biomass and Bioenergy. Volume 79, August 2015, Pages 145-154.

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To gain reliable data for the development of an empirical model for the prediction of the local high temperature corrosion potential in biomass fired boilers, online corrosion probe measurements have been carried out. The measurements have been performed in a specially designed fixed bed/drop tube reactor in order to simulate a superheater boiler tube under well-controlled conditions. The investigated boiler steel 13CrMo4-5 is commonly used as steel for superheater tube bundles in biomass fired boilers. Within the test runs the flue gas temperature at the corrosion probe has been varied between 625 °C and 880 °C, while the steel temperature has been varied between 450 °C and 550 °C to simulate typical current and future live steam temperatures of biomass fired steam boilers. To investigate the dependence on the flue gas velocity, variations from 2 m·s−1 to 8 m·s−1 have been considered. The empirical model developed fits the measured data sufficiently well. Therefore, the model has been applied within a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulation of flue gas flow and heat transfer to estimate the local corrosion potential of a wood chips fired 38 MW steam boiler. Additionally to the actual state analysis two further simulations have been carried out to investigate the influence of enhanced steam temperatures and a change of the flow direction of the final superheater tube bundle from parallel to counter-flow on the local corrosion potential.

Conference presentations and posters | 2015

Application of numerical modelling to biomass grate furnaces

Mehrabian R, Shiehnejadhesar A., Scharler R. Application of numerical modelling to biomass grate furnaces. Internation conference on advances in mechanical engineering, Istanbul 2015.

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The direct combustion of the biomass is the most advanced and mature technology in the field of energetic biomass utilisation. The legislations on the amount of emitted pollutants and the plant efficiency of biomass combustion systems are continually being restricted. Therefore constant improvement of the plant efficiency and emission reduction is required Numerical modelling is gaining increasing importance for the development of biomass combustion technologies. In this paper an overview about the numerical modelling efforts deal with the most relevant phenomena in biomass grate firing systems is given. The numerical modelling results in a deeper understanding of the underlying processes in biomass combustion plants. Therefore, it leads to a faster and safer procedure of development of a new technology.

Conference presentations and posters | 2015

AshMelT Project Background – Why this work was necessary

Schwabl M, Wopienka E. AshMelT Workshop “AshMelT Project Background – Why this work was necessary” (held during de World Sustainable Energy Days 2015), 25th-27th of February, Wels, Austria, 2015.

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Other Publications | 2015

Aspects of microalgal biomass as feedstock in biogas plants

Gruber M, Zohar E, Jerney J, Ludwig I, Bochmann G, Nussbaumer L, Montgomery L, Fuchs W, Drosg B, Schöpp T, Obbard JP. Aspects of microalgal biomass as feedstock in biogas plants, 23rd European Biomass Conference 2015, 1st-4th of June 2015, Vienna, Austria. (visual presentation)

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Conference presentations and posters | 2015

Ausbrandregelung durch zusätzliche Messung des Kohlenmonoxidgehalts im Rauchgas

Bischof J, Gölles M, Obernberger I, Baumbach G. Ausbrandregelung durch zusätzliche Messung des Kohlenmonoxidgehalts im Rauchgas. 27. Deutscher Flammentag. September 2015, Clausthal, Germany.

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Conference presentations and posters | 2015

Benz(a)pyrene emission measurements in flue gas from residential biomass combustion appliances

Meier F, Schwabl M, Sedlmayer I, Kleinhappl M, Schmidl C, Haslinger W. Benz(a)pyrene emission measurements in flue gas from residential biomass combustion appliances, 23rd European Biomass Conference 2015, 1st-4th of June 2015, Vienna, Austria. (visual presentation)

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Peer reviewed papers | 2015

Bioavailability of essential trace elements and their impact on anaerobic digestion of slaughterhouse waste

Ortner M, Rameder M, Rachbauer L, Bochmann G, Fuchs W. Bioavailability of essential trace elements and their impact on anaerobic digestion of slaughterhouse waste. Biochemical Engineering Journal. 15 July 2015;99:107-113.

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Conference presentations and posters | 2015

Biomasse der Zukunft – Bioenergie der Zukunft?

Wopienka E. Biomasse der Zukunft – Bioenergie der Zukunft? Internationale Konferenz auf Schloss Weinzierl 2015, 29th of Januar 2015, Wieselburg, Austria.

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Other papers | 2015

Challenges toward model-based control for hybrid biomass-based heating systems

Unterberger V, Gölles M. Challenges toward model-based control for hybrid biomass-based heating systems. e-nova 2015. November 2015, Pinkafeld, Austria. Unterberger V, Gölles M. Challenges toward model-based control for hybrid biomass-based heating systems. Nachhaltige Gebäude, Graz. Leykam. 2015;10:393-404.

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Biomass boilers used for residential heating and hot water supply are typically combined with a buffer storage and solar collectors. However, the annual utilization rates typically achieved with such systems are far below those theoretically possible, which is mainly because of the often poor quality of both the individual control of the components as well as the high-level control of the entire system. The control strategies typically applied consist of simple decou-pled control circuits with linear controllers, which cannot deal with the mostly nonlinear and coupled behaviour of the components and thus do not ensure their reasonable interaction. The most appropriate approach to address these challenges is the application of model-based control techniques. Within the paper an overview of mathematical models suitable for control purposes, a simple to implement load forecasting method as well as control strate-gies for both the individual components and the entire system are presented. Future chal-lenges for a practical implementation of this novel approach are discussed in the outlook sec-tion.

Peer reviewed papers | 2015

Closing the Nutrient Cycle in Two-Stage Anaerobic Digestion of Industrial Waste Streams

Rachbauer L, Gabauer W, Scheidl S, Ortner M, Fuchs W, Bochmann G. Closing the Nutrient Cycle in Two-Stage Anaerobic Digestion of Industrial Waste Streams. Energy Fuels 2015;29(7):4052-4057.

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Industrial waste streams from brewing industries and distilleries provide a valuable but largely unused alternative substrate for biogas production by anaerobic digestion. High sulfur loads in the feed caused by acidic pretreatment to enhance bioavailability are responsible for H2S formation during anaerobic digestion. Microbiological oxidation of H2S provides an elegant technique to remove this toxic gas compound. Moreover, it allows for recovery of sulfuric acid, the final product of aerobic sulfide oxidation, as demonstrated in this study. Two-stage anaerobic digestion of brewer’s spent grains, the major byproduct in the brewing industry, allows for the release of up to 78% of total H2S formed in the first pre-acidification stage. Desulfurization of such pre-acidification gas in continuous acidic biofiltration with immobilized sulfur-oxidizing bacteria resulted in a maximum H2S elimination capacity of 473 g m–3 h–1 at an empty bed retention time of 91 s. Complete H2S removal was achieved at inlet concentrations of up to 6363 ppm. The process was shown to be very robust, and even after an interruption of H2S feeding for 10 days, excellent removal efficiency was immediately restored. A maximum sulfate production rate of 0.14 g L–1 h–1 was achieved, and a peak concentration of 4.18 g/L sulfuric acid was reached. Further experiments addressed the reduction of fresh water and chemicals to minimize process expenses. It was proven that up to 50% of mineral medium that is required in large amounts during microbiological desulfurization can be replaced by the liquid fraction of the digestate. The conducted study demonstrates the viability of microbial sulfur recovery with theoretical recovery rates of up to 44%.

Peer reviewed papers | 2015

Combustion related characterisation of Miscanthus peat blends applying novel fuel characterisation tools

Sommersacher P, Brunner T, Obernberger I, Kienzl N, Kanzian W. Combustion related characterisation of Miscanthus peat blends applying novel fuel characterisation tools. Fuel 2015;158:253-262.

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Conference presentations and posters | 2015

Control of a Biomass-Furnace Based on Input-Output-Linearization

Schörghuber C, Reichhartinger M, Horn M, Gölles M, Seeber R. Control of a Biomass-Furnace Based on Input-Output-Linearization, European Control Conference 2015, 15th-17th of July 2015, Linz, Austria. p 3513-3518.

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Peer reviewed papers | 2015

Deposit build-up and ash behavior in dual fluid bed steam gasification of logging residues in an industrial power plant

Kuba M, He H, Kirnbauer F, Boström D, Öhman M, Hofbauer H. Deposit build-up and ash behavior in dual fluid bed steam gasification of logging residues in an industrial power plant. Fuel Processing Technology. 25 June 2015;139:33-41.

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A promising way to substitute fossil fuels for production of electricity, heat, fuels for transportation and synthetic chemicals is biomass steam gasification in a dual fluidized bed (DFB). Using lower-cost feedstock, such as logging residues, instead of stemwood, improves the economic operation. In Senden, near Ulm in Germany, the first plant using logging residues is successfully operated by Stadtwerke Ulm. The major difficulties are slagging and deposit build-up. This paper characterizes inorganic components of ash forming matter and draws conclusions regarding mechanisms of deposit build-up. Olivine is used as bed material. Impurities, e.g., quartz, brought into the fluidized bed with the feedstock play a critical role. Interaction with biomass ash leads to formation of potassium silicates, decreasing the melting temperature. Recirculation of coarse ash back into combustion leads to enrichment of critical fragments. Improving the management of inorganic streams and controlling temperature levels is essential for operation with logging residues.

Peer reviewed papers | 2015

Developing a simulation model for a mixed alcohol synthesis reactor and validation of experimental data in IPSEpro

Weber G, Di Giuliano A, Rauch R, Hofbauer H. Developing a simulation model for a mixed alcohol synthesis reactor and validation of experimental data in IPSEpro. Fuel Process Technology. 141:167-176, 2015.

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Peer reviewed papers | 2015

Development and validation of CFD models for gas phase reactions in biomass grate furnaces considering gas streak formation above the packed bed

Shiehnejadhesar A, Mehrabian R, Scharler R, Obernberger I. Development and validation of CFD models for gas phase reactions in biomass grate furnaces considering gas streak formation above the packed bed. Fuel Processing Technology. Volume 139, November 2015, Pages 142–158.

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State-of-the-art packed bed models supply continuous concentration profiles as boundary conditions for subsequent CFD simulations of gas phase, leading to pre-mixed combustion conditions. However, in reality the “porous” nature of the packed bed leads to streak formation influencing gas mixing and combustion. Therefore, in the present work, in order to account for the influence of the streaks on gas phase combustion, a gas streak model based on a correlation between the local gas residence time and a mixing time has been developed based on numerical simulations. Finally, the streak model was linked with an in-housed developed hybrid gas phase combustion model suitable for laminar to highly turbulent flow conditions and applied for an under-feed pellet stoker furnace (20 kWth) concerning the simulation of gas phase combustion and NOx formation. The results in comparison with a simulation without the streak formation model show that the flue gas species prediction can be improved with the proposed streak formation model. Especially, in the region above the fuel bed (in the primary combustion chamber), this is of special importance for NOx reduction by primary measures.

Conference presentations and posters | 2015

Development of a briquette stove with a candle burning principle - characteristics and measurement results

Kirchhof J, Schmidl C, Moser W, Haslinger W. Development of a briquette stove with a candle burning principle - characteristics and measurement results, 23rd European Biomass Conference 2015, 1st-4th of June 2015, Vienna, Austria. (visual presentation)

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Conference presentations and posters | 2015

Development of a new test method for defining a real life thermal heat output of firewood stoves

Sturmlechner R, Aigenbauer S, Moser W, Schmidl C, Reichert G, Stressler H, Schwabl M, Haslinger W. Development of a new test method for defining a real life thermal heat output of firewood stoves, 23rd European Biomass Conference 2015, 1st-4th of June 2015, Vienna, Austria. (visual presentation)

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Conference presentations and posters | 2015

Development of a streak formation model for an improved prediction of gas phase combustion in biomass grate furnaces

Shiehnejadhesar A, Mehrabian R, Scharler R, Goldin GM, Obernberger I. Development of a streak formation model for an improved prediction of gas phase combustion in biomass grate furnaces, INFUB 10th European Conference on Industrial Furnace and Boilers 2015, 7th-10th of April 2015, Porto, Portugal.

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State-of-the-art packed bed models supply continuous concentration profiles as boundary conditions for subsequent CFD simulations of gas phase, leading to pre-mixed combustion conditions. However, in reality the “porous” nature of the packed bed leads to streak formation influencing gas mixing and combustion. Therefore, in the present work, in order to account for the influence of the streaks on gas phase combustion, a gas streak model based on a correlation between the local gas residence time and a mixing time has been developed based on numerical simulations. Finally, the streak model was linked with an in-housed developed hybrid gas phase combustion model suitable for laminar to highly turbulent flow conditions and applied for an under-feed pellet stoker furnace (20 kWth) concerning the simulation of gas phase combustion and NOx formation. The results in comparison with a simulation without the streak formation model show that the flue gas species prediction can be improved with the proposed streak formation model. Especially, in the region above the fuel bed (in the primary combustion chamber), this is of special importance for NOx reduction by primary measures.

Peer reviewed papers | 2015

Econometric analysis of the wood pellet market in Austria

Kristöfel C, Strasser C, Morawetz U, Schmid E. Econometric analysis of the wood pellet market in Austria. 12th International Conference On The European Energy Market, 20-22 May 2015. 20 August 2015, Lisbon, Portugal.

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Other Publications | 2015

Effects of pretreatment and storage methods on biomethane potential of different microalgae in anaerobic digestion

Gruber M, Jerney J, Zohar E, Nussbaumer M, Hieger C, Bochmann G, Schagerl M, Obbard JP, Fuchs W, Drosg B. Effects of pretreatment and storage methods on biomethane potential of different microalgae in anaerobic digestion, 23rd European Biomass Conference 2015, 1st-4th of June 2015, Vienna, Austria. (oral presentation)

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Peer reviewed papers | 2015

Efficiency and operational behaviour of small-scale pellet boilers installed in residential buildings

Carlon E, Schwarz M, Golicza L, Verma VK, Prada A, Baratieri M, et al. Efficiency and operational behaviour of small-scale pellet boilers installed in residential buildings. Appl Energy 2015;155:854-865.

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Conference presentations and posters | 2015

Emission Reduction of Firewood Stoves by Integrated Honeycomb Catalysts

Reichert G, Schmidl C, Schwabl M, Sedlmayer I, Stressler H, Sturmlechner R, Wöhler M, Haslinger W. Emission Reduction of Firewood Stoves by Integrated Honeycomb Catalysts, Word Sustainable Energy Days next 2015, 24th-27th of February 2015, Wels, Austria.

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Peer reviewed papers | 2015

Energy self-supply of large abattoir by sustainable waste utilisation based on anaerobic mono-digestion

Ortner M, Wöss D, Schumergruber A, Pröll T, Fuchs W. Energy self-supply of large abattoir by sustainable waste utilisation based on anaerobic mono-digestion. Applied Energy. 2015;143:460-471.

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Abattoirs have a large number of energy intensive processes. Beside energy supply, disposal costs of animal by-products (ABP) are the main relevant cost drivers. In this study, successful implementation of a new waste and energy management system based on anaerobic digestion is described. Several limitations and technical challenges regarding the anaerobic digestion of the protein rich waste material had to be overcome. The most significant problems were process imbalances such as foaming and floatation as well as high accumulation of volatile fatty acids and low biogas yields caused by lack of essential microelements, high ammonia concentrations and fluctuation in operation temperature. Ultimately, 85% of the waste accumulated during the slaughter process is converted into 2700 MW h thermal and 3200 MW h electrical energy in a biogas combined heat and power (CHP) plant. The thermal energy is optimally integrated into the production process by means of a stratified heat buffer. The energy generated by the biogas CHP-plant can cover a significant share of the energy requirement of the abattoir corresponding to 50% of heat and 60% of electric demand, respectively. In terms of annual cost for energy supply and waste disposal a reduction of 63% from 1.4 Mio € to about 0.5 Mio € could be achieved with the new system. The payback period of the whole investment is approximately 9 years. Beside the economic benefits also the positive environmental impact should be highlighted: a 79% reduction of greenhouse gas emissions from 4.5 Mio kg CO2 to 0.9 Mio kg CO2 annually was achieved. The realized concept received the Austrian Energy Globe Award and represents the first anaerobic mono-digestion process of slaughterhouse waste worldwide.

Other Publications | 2015

Entwicklung eines modellbasierten Optimierungsalgorithmus für die Wärmeversorgung mit Biomassefeuerungen

Oberlechner, F. Entwicklung eines modellbasierten Optimierungsalgorithmus für die Wärmeversorgung mit Biomassefeuerungen, Master Thesis, Technische Universität Graz, Graz, Austria, 2015.

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Wärmeversorgungsanlagen von Gebäuden, bestehend aus Biomasse-Feuerung, Solarkollektoren, Pufferspeicher, Heizkreis und Warmwasserzapfstellen gewinnen aufgrund ihrer Nachhaltigkeit zunehmend an Bedeutung. In den letzten Jahren wurden insbesondere für eine effiziente Regelung der Biomasse-Feuerung sehr gute Konzepte entwickelt. Diese können jedoch zumeist aufgrund unzureichender, übergeordneter Systemregelungen nicht ihr volles Potential ausschöpfen. In ihrer primitivsten Ausführung schaltet eine Systemregelung die Biomasse-Feuerung anhand der Ladehöhe des Pufferspeichers aus und ein. Diese Art der Regelung hat unweigerlich viele Ein-/ Ausschaltvorgänge der Feuerung, sowie eine schlechte Ausnutzung des solaren Eintrags zur Folge. Insbesondere bei Biomasse-Feuerungen sind Ein-/ Ausschaltvorgänge äußerst unwirtschaftlich und führen zu stark erhöhten Schadstoffemissionen. Die häufigen Ein-/ Ausschaltvorgänge verursachen zusätzlich erhöhte Wartungs- und Betriebskosten und schlussendlich eine verkürzte Lebensdauer zahlreicher Komponenten. Um die Ein-/ Ausschaltvorgänge zu minimieren und den solaren Eintrag zu steigern, soll im Rahmen dieser Arbeit ein übergeordnetes, modellprädiktives Regelungskonzept für die gesamte Wärmeversorgungsanlage entwickelt werden. Nach einer theoretischen Einführung in gemischt-ganzzahlige Optimalsteuerungsprobleme sowie ausgewählter Lösungsmethoden werden Prädiktionsmodelle für alle Komponenten der Wärmeversorgungsanlage entwickelt. Aufbauend auf den mathematischen Modellen für die einzelnen Komponenten der Anlage wird eine nichtlineare modellprädiktive Regelung entwickelt. Diese berücksichtigt zusätzlich Wetterprognosen sowie die erwartete Lastabnahme und führt schlussendlich zu einer Minimierung des Brennstoffverbrauchs sowie der Anzahl der Ein-/ Ausschaltvorgänge. Den Abschluss der Arbeit bilden ausführliche Simulationsstudien mit unterschiedlichen Wetterszenarien sowie Vergleiche mit herkömmlichen Regelungsstrategien.  

Other papers | 2015

Experimental and modeling study of hydrogen production from catalytic steam reforming of methane mixture with hydrogen sulfide

Sadooghi P, Rauch R. Experimental and modeling study of hydrogen production from catalytic steam reforming of methane mixture with hydrogen sulfide. Int J Hydrogen Energy 2015;40(33):10418-10426.

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Peer reviewed papers | 2015

Experimental validation of a thermodynamic boiler model under steady state and dynamic conditions

Carlon E, Verma VK, Schwarz M, Golicza L, Prada A, Baratieri M, et al. Experimental validation of a thermodynamic boiler model under steady state and dynamic conditions. Appl Energy. 2015;138:505-16.

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Nowadays dynamic building simulation is an essential tool for the design of heating systems for residential buildings. The simulation of buildings heated by biomass systems, first of all needs detailed boiler models, capable of simulating the boiler both as a stand-alone appliance and as a system component. This paper presents the calibration and validation of a boiler model by means of laboratory tests. The chosen model, i.e. TRNSYS "Type 869", has been validated for two commercially available pellet boilers of 6 and 12. kW nominal capacities. Two test methods have been applied: the first is a steady state test at nominal load and the second is a load cycle test including stationary operation at different loads as well as transient operation. The load cycle test is representative of the boiler operation in the field and characterises the boiler's stationary and dynamic behaviour. The model had been calibrated based on laboratory data registered during stationary operation at different loads and afterwards it was validated by simulating both the stationary and the dynamic tests. Selected parameters for the validation were the heat transfer rates to water and the water temperature profiles inside the boiler and at the boiler outlet. Modelling results showed better agreement with experimental data during stationary operation rather than during dynamic operation. Heat transfer rates to water were predicted with a maximum deviation of 10% during the stationary operation, and a maximum deviation of 30% during the dynamic load cycle. However, for both operational regimes the fuel consumption was predicted within a 10% deviation from the experimental values. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd.

Conference presentations and posters | 2015

Forecasting the Pellet Boiler Stock in Austria until 2030 and Assessing the Potential to Reduce GHG Emissions and Substitute Fossil Fuels

Karner K, Schmid E, Strasser C, Kristöfel C, Enigl M. Forecasting the Pellet Boiler Stock in Austria until 2030 and Assessing the Potential to Reduce GHG Emissions and Substitute Fossil Fuels, 23rd European Biomass Conference 2015, 1st-4th of June 2015, Vienna, Austria. (visual presentation)

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Peer reviewed papers | 2015

Heat pump enhanced heat recovery from flue gas of wood chips combustion

Hebenstreit B, Schwabl M, Höftberger E, Kronberger B, Gappmayr B, Gautsch H, Lundgren J, Toffolo A. Heat pump enhanced heat recovery from flue gas of wood chips combustion, INFUB 10th European Conference on Industrial Furnace and Boilers 2015, 7th-10th of April 2015, Porto, Portugal.

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Other papers | 2015

Hydrogen from the high temperature water gas shift reaction with an industrial Fe/Cr catalyst using biomass gasification tar rich synthesis gas

Chianese, S, Loipersböck J, Malits M, Rauch R, Hofbauer H, Molino A, Musmarra D. Hydrogen from the high temperature water gas shift reaction with an industrial Fe/Cr catalyst using biomass gasification tar rich synthesis gas. Fuel Processing Technology. 2015;132:39-48.

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The high temperature water gas shift reaction (HTS) over an iron/chromium (Fe/Cr) industrial catalyst was investigated in a pilot scale plant consisting of two fixed-bed reactors arranged in series and a biomass-derived tar-rich synthesis gas was used as a feed-stream. CO conversion and selectivity for the water gas shift reaction were evaluated through parameter variation. Four dry gas hourly space velocities (GHSv) and two steam to dry synthesis gas ratios (H2O/SGd) equal to 52% v/v and 60% v/v were investigated at temperatures (T) of 350–450 °C. CO conversion was investigated by varying H2S concentration 180–540 ppmv (dry basis) at a temperature of 425 °C, considering two GHSVd. The highest CO conversion (~ 83%) was observed in the basis case at 60% v/v H2O/SGd, and 450 °C. The catalyst appeared to be resistant to sulfur poisoning deactivation, and achieved 48% CO conversion at the maximum H2S concentration used.

Other papers | 2015

Hydrogen from the high temperature water gas shift reaction with an industrial Fe/Cr catalyst using biomass gasification tar rich synthesis gas

Chianese S, Loipersböck J, Malits M, Rauch R, Hofbauer H, Molino A, et al. Hydrogen from the high temperature water gas shift reaction with an industrial Fe/Cr catalyst using biomass gasification tar rich synthesis gas. Fuel Process Technol 2015;132:39-48.

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Peer reviewed papers | 2015

Implementation of a firebed cooling device and its influence on emissions and combustion parameters at a residential wood pellet boiler

Gehrig M, Pelz SK, Jaeger D, Hofmeister G, Groll A, Thorwarth H, Haslinger W. Implementation of a firebed cooling device and its influence on emissions and combustion parameters at a residential wood pellet boiler. Applied Energy. 01 December 2015;159: 310-316.

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This study investigates the general concept of reduced firebed temperatures in residential wood pellet boilers. Residential wood pellet boiler development is more and more concerned with inorganic aerosols characterized by a temperature-dependent release from the firebed. Hence, different concepts are applied aiming to reduce firebed temperatures. Unfortunately, these concepts influence not only firebed temperatures, but also other important parameters like air flow rates which may cause unwanted side effects with respect to combustion quality or efficiency. Thus, a new approach was developed solely affecting firebed temperature by implementing a water-based firebed cooling in a 12 kW underfeed pellet boiler. The effectiveness of the cooling was monitored by comprehensive temperature measurement in the firebed. The cooling capacity ranged from 0.4 kW to 0.5 kW resulted in a significant decrease of firebed temperatures. Gaseous emissions remain stable showing no significant changes in major components (O2, CO2, NOx). Furthermore, CO emissions were even reduced significantly by the activated cooling, which was supposedly caused by a stabilized devolatilization due to the firebed cooling. Moreover, the temperature-dependent release of aerosol forming elements was influenced at activated firebed cooling, which is proved by a decrease of 17 wt% of dust (Total Suspended Particles; TSP). At the same time the gaseous emissions of HCl increase, supposedly by a reduced potassium release from the firebed to the gas phase and a subsequently different particle formation. The general concept of reduced firebed temperatures proved to be successful decreasing overall aerosol emissions without impacting combustion quality.

Peer reviewed papers | 2015

Influence of bed material coatings on the water-gas-shift reaction and steam reforming of toluene as tar model compound of biomass gasification

Kuba M, Havlik F, Kirnbauer F, Hofbauer H. Influence of bed material coatings on the water-gas-shift reaction and steam reforming of toluene as tar model compound of biomass gasification. Biomass and Bioenergy. 7 August 2015;89:40-49

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A promising technology replacing fossil energy carriers for the production of electricity, heat, fuels for transportation and synthetic chemicals is steam gasification of biomass in a dual fluid bed (DFB). The principle of this technology is the separation into a gasification and a combustion reactor. Bed material, nowadays olivine, circulates between them, and has two functions. It acts as a heat carrier from the combustion to the gasification zone and as catalyst regarding gasification reactions. Today, an alternative to olivine does yet not exist.

In this work, experiments in a lab-scale test rig were performed investigating the catalytic activity of different fresh and used bed materials, such as olivine and quartz. The enhancement of the catalytic activity due to particle coatings was tested regarding the water-gas-shift reaction and steam reforming of toluene. Calcite is known as an active material in this respect and is therefore used as a benchmark substance.

Experiments revealed a correlation between the catalytic activity of bed particle coatings towards both the water-gas-shift reaction and the reduction of toluene by steam reforming. Results showed bed material particles with a calcium (Ca)-rich layer achieve satisfactory conversion of carbon monoxide and reduction of toluene. Furthermore, a qualitative comparison regarding hydrogen production relative to the benchmark material CaO is given for the water-gas-shift and steam reforming of toluene and ethene - used as model substance for lighter hydrocarbons. These results are the basis for further research on the catalytic properties of potential bed materials for DFB gasification of biomass.

Other papers | 2015

Influence of ethylene on the formation of mixed alcohols over a MoS2 catalyst using biomass-derived synthesis gas

Weber G, Rauch R, Hofbauer H. Influence of ethylene on the formation of mixed alcohols over a MoS2 catalyst using biomass-derived synthesis gas. Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery. 2015;5(1):85-94.

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Conference presentations and posters | 2015

Innovative room heating technologies

Schmidl C. Innovative room heating technologies, 23rd European Biomass Conference 2015, 1st-4th of June 2015, Vienna, Austria. (oral presentation)

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Conference presentations and posters | 2015

Integration of Oxidative Honeycomb Catalysts in Firewood Stoves - Perfomance Analysis, Safety Aspects and Long Term Durability

Reichert G, Schmidl C, Schwabl M, Stressler H, Sturmlechner R, Haslinger W. Integration of Oxidative Honeycomb Catalysts in Firewood Stoves - Perfomance Analysis, Safety Aspects and Long Term Durability, 23rd European Biomass Conference 2015, 1st-4th of June 2015, Vienna, Austria. (oral presentation)

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Peer reviewed papers | 2015

Investigation of the corrosion behaviour of 13CrMo4-5 for biomass fired boilers with coupled online corrosion and deposit probe measurements

Gruber T, Schulze K, Scharler R, Obernberger I. Investigation of the corrosion behaviour of 13CrMo4-5 for biomass fired boilers with coupled online corrosion and deposit probe measurements. Fuel. 2015;144:15-24.

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High-temperature corrosion in biomass fired boilers is still an insufficiently explored phenomenon which causes unscheduled plant shutdowns and hence, economical problems. To investigate the high-temperature corrosion and deposit formation behaviour of superheater tube bundles, online corrosion probe as well as deposit probe measurements have been carried out in a specially designed fixed bed/drop tube reactor in order to simulate a superheater boiler tube under well-controlled conditions. The investigated boiler steel 13CrMo4-5 is commonly used as steel for superheater tube bundles in biomass fired boilers. Forest wood chips and quality sorted waste wood (A1-A2 according to German standards) as relevant fuels have been selected to investigate the influence on the deposit formation and corrosion behaviour. The following influencing parameter variations have been performed during the test campaigns: flue gas temperature between 650 and 880°C, steel temperature between 450 and 550°C and flue gas velocity between 2 and 8 m/s. One focus of the work presented is the detailed investigation of the structure and the chemical composition of the deposits formed as well as of the corrosion products. A further goal of the work presented was the development of an empirical model which can be used within CFD simulations of flow and heat transfer to calculate and evaluate the local corrosion potential of biomass fired plants already at the planning stage. The corrosion probe measurements show a clear dependency on the parameters investigated and the empirical function developed reproduces the measured corrosion behaviour sufficiently accurate. Since the additional calculation time within the CFD simulation is negligible the model represents a helpful tool for plant designers to estimate whether high-temperature corrosion is of relevance for a certain plant or not, when using fuels with similar compositions and the steel 13CrMo4-5. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Other papers | 2015

Investigations on the catalytic activity of bed material coating regarding the water-gas-shift reaction and the steam reforming of model compounds for lighter and heavier hydrocarbons

Kuba M, Havlik F, Kirnbauer F, Hofbauer H. Investigations on the catalytic activity of bed material coating regarding the water-gas-shift reaction and the steam reforming of model compounds for lighter and heavier hydrocarbons. 23rd European Biomass Conference & Exhibition (oral presentation). June 2015, Vienna, Austria.

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Other Publications | 2015

Life cycle analysis of small scale pellet boilers characterized by high efficiency and low emissions

Monteleone B, Chiesa M, Marzuoli R, Verma VK, Schwarz M, Carlon E, Schmidl C, Ballarin Denti A. Life cycle analysis of small scale pellet boilers characterized by high efficiency and low emissions. Applied Energy. 1 October 2015;155:160-170.

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Other papers | 2015

Liquid biofuels from biomass steam gasification

Rauch R. Liquid biofuels from biomass steam gasification. 23rd European Biomass Conference & Exhibition, side event Austrian Day (oral presentation). June 2015, Vienna, Austria.

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Conference presentations and posters | 2015

Long-Term Monitoring of Pellet Boilers Installed in Residential Buildings: Efficiency and Operational Behaviour

Carlon E, Schwarz M, Verma VK, Schmidl C, Baratieri M. Long-Term Monitoring of Pellet Boilers Installed in Residential Buildings: Efficiency and Operational Behaviour, 23rd European Biomass Conference 2015, 1st-4th of June 2015, Vienna, Austria. (oral presentation)

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Conference presentations and posters | 2015

Mathematical model of an absorption based flue gas heat recovery

Hebenstreit B, Lichtenegger K, Schnetzinger R, Höftberger E, Schmidl C, Lundgren J, Toffolo A. Mathematical model of an absorption based flue gas heat recovery, 23rd European Biomass Conference 2015, 1st-4th of June 2015, Vienna, Austria. (visual presentation)

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Conference presentations and posters | 2015

Mikrobielle Kontamination als Ursache für Fehlgerüche bei der Lagerung von Holzpellets

Pöllinger-Zierler P, Sedlmayer I, Reinisch C, Siegmund B, Wopienka E, Pointner C, Haslinger W. Mikrobielle Kontamination als Ursache für Fehlgerüche bei der Lagerung von Holzpellets, European Pellet Conference 2015, 25th-26th of Feburary 2015, Wels, Austria.

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Conference presentations and posters | 2015

Model based control of a biomass fired steam boiler

Zemann C, Unterberger V, Gölles M. Model based control of a biomass fired steam boiler. 19. Steirisches Seminar über Regelungstechnik und Prozessautomatisierung. September 2015, Wagna, Austria.

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Other Publications | 2015

Modellbildung und Regelung von Biomasse-Feuerungsanlagen

Schörghuber, C. Modellbildung und Regelung von Biomasse-Feuerungsanlagen, Ph.D. Thesis, Technische Universität Graz, Graz, Austria, 2015.

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Conference presentations and posters | 2015

Nachhaltige Versorgungs und Wertschöpfungsketten

Strasser C. Nachhaltige Versorgungs und Wertschöpfungsketten, "Biomasse der Zukunft" - Internationale Konferenz auf Schloss Weinzierl 2015, 29th of Januar 2015, Wieselburg, Austria.

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Conference presentations and posters | 2015

Natural ventilation measures for CO off-gassing in small pellet storages

Emhofer W, Lichtenegger K, Haslinger W, Sedlmayer I. Natural ventilation measures for CO off-gassing in small pellet storages, Word Sustainable Energy Days next 2015, 24th-27th of February 2015, Wels, Austria.

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Other papers | 2015

Numerical modelling of biomass grate furnaces with a particle based model

Mehrabian R, Shiehnejadhesar A, Scharler R, Obernberger I. Numerical modelling of biomass grate furnaces with a particle based model, INFUB 10th European Conference on Industrial Furnace and Boilers 2015, 7th-10th of April 2015, Porto, Portugal.

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Reports | 2015

Nutrient recovery by biogas digestate processing

Drosg B, Fuchs W, Al Seadi T, Madsen M, Linke B. Nutrient recovery by biogas digestate processing. IEA Bioenergy (2015): 7-11

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Conference presentations and posters | 2015

Operation and Efficiency of a Wood-Pellet Fired 5 KWel Stirling

Aigenbauer S, Schnetzinger R, Höftberger E, Schmidl C, Haslinger W. Operation and Efficiency of a Wood-Pellet Fired 5 KWel Stirling, 23rd European Biomass Conference 2015, 1st-4th of June 2015, Vienna, Austria. (visual presentation)

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Peer reviewed papers | 2015

Optimization of a 50 MW bubbling fluidized bed biomass combustion chamber by means of computational particle fluid dynamics

Kraft S, Kuba M, Kirnbauer F, Bosch K, Hofbauer H. Optimization of a 50 MW bubbling fluidized bed biomass combustion chamber by means of computational particle fluid dynamics. Biomass and Bioenergy. 4 August 2015;89:31-39.

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An efficient utilization of biomass fuels in power plants is often limited by the melting behavior of the biomass ash, which causes unplanned shutdowns of the plants. If the melting temperature of the ash is locally exceeded, deposits can form on the walls of the combustion chamber. In this paper, a bubbling fluidized bed combustion chamber with 50 MW biomass input is investigated that severely suffers deposit build-up in the freeboard during operation. The deposit layers affect the operation negatively in two ways: they act as an additional heat resistance in regions of heat extraction, and they can come off the wall and fall into the bed and negatively influence the fluidization behavior. To detect zones where ash melting can occur, the temperature distribution in the combustion chamber is calculated numerically using the commercial CPFD (computational particle fluid dynamics) code, Barracuda Version 15. Regions where the ash melting temperature is exceeded are compared with the fouling observed on the walls in the freeboard. The numerically predicted regions agree well with the observed location of the deposits on the walls. Next, the model is used to find an optimized operating point with fewer regions in which the ash melting temperature is exceeded. Therefore, three cases with different distributions of the inlet gas streams are simulated. The simulations show if the air inlet streams are moved from the freeboard to the necking area above the bed a more even temperature distribution is obtained over the combustion chamber. Hence, the areas where the ash melting temperatures are exceeded are reduced significantly and the formation of deposits in the optimized operational mode is much less likely.

Conference presentations and posters | 2015

Outlook for the Project: Future Application and Development of the AshMelT methods

Schwabl M, Wopienka E. AshMelT Workshop “Outlook for the Project: Future Application and Development of the AshMelT methods” (held during de World Sustainable Energy Days 2015), 25th-27th of February, Wels, Austria, 2015.

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Conference presentations and posters | 2015

Parameter Study with Sulfidized Molybdenum Catalyst for Mixed Alcohol Synthesis with Biomass-Derived Synthesis Gas

Weber G, Rauch R, Hofbauer H. Parameter Study with Sulfidized Molybdenum Catalyst for Mixed Alcohol Synthesis with Biomass-Derived Synthesis Gas, 23rd European Biomass Conference 2015, 1st-4th of June 2015, Vienna, Austria. (oral presentation)

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Peer reviewed papers | 2015

Performance of a water gas shift pilot plant processing product gas from an industrial scale biomass steam gasification plant

Kraussler M, Binder M, Fail S, Bosch K, Hackel M, Hofbauer H. Performance of a water gas shift pilot plant processing product gas from an industrial scale biomass steam gasification plant. Biomass and Bioenergy. 4 August 2015;89:50-57.

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In this paper, the performance of a commercial Fe/Cr based catalyst for the water gas shift reaction was investigated. The catalyst was used in a water gas shift pilot plant which processed real product gas from a commercial biomass steam gasification plant with two different qualities: extracted before and extracted after scrubbing with a rapeseed methyl ester gas scrubber. The performance of the WGS pilot plant regarding these two different gas qualities was investigated. For this reason, extensive chemical analyses were carried out. CO, CO2, CH4, N2, O2, C2H6, C2H4, and C2H2 and H2S, COS, and C4H4 S were measured. In addition, GCMS tar and NH3 analyses were performed. Furthermore, the catalyst's activity was observed by measuring the temperature profiles along the reactors of the water gas shift pilot plant. During the 200 h of operation with both product gas qualities, no catalyst deactivation could be observed. A CO conversion up to 93% as well as a GCMS tar reduction (about 28%) along the water gas shift pilot plant was obtained. Furthermore, a specific H2 production of 63 g H2 per kg biomass (dry and ash free) was reached with both product gas qualities. No significant performance difference could be observed.

Other papers | 2015

Performance of a water gas shift pilot plant processing tar-rich product gas from a commercial biomass steam gasification plant operating at partial load conditions

Kraussler M, Binder M, Hofbauer H. Performance of a water gas shift pilot plant processing tar-rich product gas from a commercial biomass steam gasification plant operating at partial load conditions. International Bioenergy Exhibition and Asian Bioenergy Conference 2015. October 2015, Shanghai, China.

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Other papers | 2015

Performance of a Water Gas Shift Unit Processing Product Gas from Biomass Steam Gasification

Kraussler M, Binder M, Fail S, Rauch R, Bosch K, Hackel M, Hofbauer H. Performance of a Water Gas Shift Unit Processing Product Gas from Biomass Steam Gasification. 23rd European Biomass Conference & Exhibition (oral presentation). June 2015, Vienna, Austria.

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Conference presentations and posters | 2015

Production of high purity hydrogen from biomass-derived synthesis gas using dual fluidised bed gasification technology

Loipersböck J., Rehling B., Rauch R., Hofbauer H. Production of high purity hydrogen from biomass-derived synthesis gas using dual fluidised bed gasification technology, 23rd European Biomass Conference 2015, 1st-4th of June 2015, Vienna, Austria. (oral presentation)

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Conference presentations and posters | 2015

Regulation of land competition in Brazil

Ludwiczek N. Regulation of land competition in Brazil, 23rd European Biomass Conference 2015, 1st-4th of June 2015, Vienna, Austria. (oral presentation)

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Peer reviewed papers | 2015

Short term online corrosion measurements in biomass fired boilers. Part 1: Application of newly developed mass loss probe

Retschitzegger S, Gruber T, Brunner T, Obernberger I. Short term online corrosion measurements in biomass fired boilers. Part 1: Application of a newly developed mass loss probe. Fuel Process Technol 2015;137:148-156.

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Peer reviewed papers | 2015

Simultaneous online determination of S, Cl, K, Na, Zn and Pb release from a single particle during biomass combustion Part 1: Experimental setup implementation and evaluation

Sommersacher P, Kienzl N, Brunner T, Obernberger I. Simultaneous online determination of S, Cl, K, Na, Zn and Pb release from a single particle during biomass combustion Part 1: Experimental setup implementation and evaluation. Energy and Fuels. 15 October 2015;29:6734-6746.

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The interest in experimental data regarding thermal fuel decomposition as well as the release behavior of ash-forming elements of biomass fuels for modeling and simulation purposes is continuously increasing. On the basis of combustion experiments with lab-scale reactors and single-particle reactors, integral release data regarding ash-forming vapors can be obtained, whereby the release is calculated on the basis of analysis data of the fuel and the ash residues. At the moment, almost no time-resolved release data of ash-forming elements from single particles exist. Therefore, a single-particle reactor was designed, which has been coupled to an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (ICP-MS). This reactor can be used for targeted experiments in a temperature range of 250–1050 °C under inert, reducing, and oxidizing conditions. With this reactor, it is possible to simultaneously determine the surface and center temperatures of a biomass particle, weight loss of the particle, and flue gas composition. The reactor has been coupled to an ICP-MS through a gas stream that is sufficiently diluted with Ar. First performance tests with pure salts (KCl, NaCl, (NH4)2SO4, ZnCl2, and PbCl2) proved that relevant volatile ash-forming elements can be detected with the ICP-MS. For a further validation of the received signals, combustion tests with Miscanthus pellets have been carried out, whereby the controlled interruption of the experiments has also been investigated. These tests prove that with this system the simultaneous time-resolved determination of S, Cl, K, Na, Zn, and Pb is possible whereby the Cl signal can only be used with restrictions. On the basis of the determined release of ash-forming elements for the entire combustion experiment, a quantification/calibration of the measured intensities has been carried out. The data gained from these tests will provide deeper insights into release processes as well as form a relevant basis for release model development.

Conference presentations and posters | 2015

Sommersacher P, Kienzl N, Brunner T, Obernberger I

Sommersacher P, Kienzl N, Brunner T, Obernberger I. Online determination of the release of inorganic elements using a single particle reactor coupled with an ICP-MS, 23rd European Biomass Conference 2015, 1st-4th of June 2015, Vienna, Austria. (oral presentation)

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Other papers | 2015

State of the art biomass gasification for CHP production – the Ulm plant

Kirnbauer F, Maierhans F, Kuba M, Hofbauer H. State of the art biomass gasification for CHP production – the Ulm plant. Regatec 2015. 7-8 May 2015, Barcelona, Spain.

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