Publikationen

Conference presentations and posters | 2019

Biomassevergasung als künftige Säule der Gasversorgung in Österreich

Strasser C. Biomassevergasung als künftige Säule der Gasversorgung in Österreich. 10. Internationale Anwenderkonferenz Biomassevergasung. Dec 2019.

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Conference presentations and posters | 2019

Biomassevergasung als künftige Säule der Gasversorgung in Österreich?

Strasser C. Biomassevergasung als künftige Säule der Gasversorgung in Österreich?. 10. Internationale Anwenderkonferenz Biomassevergasung. December 2019

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Reports | 2019

C200600_1 - Experimental Campaign Summer 2019

Fürsatz K, Kuba M, Karel T, Priscak J. C200600_1 - Experimental Campaign Summer 2019. Report on experimental test runs. November 2019.

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Conference presentations and posters | 2019

Catalytic tar reforming with sewage sludge char of a producer gas from fluidized bed co-gasification of sewage sludge and wood

von Berg L, Doğan C, Aydın ES, Retschitzegger S, Scharler R, Anca-Couce A. Catalytic tar reforming with sewage sludge char of a producer gas from fluidized bed co-gasification of sewage sludge and wood. 27th European Biomass Conference & Exhibition (Poster). May 2019.

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Fluidized bed gasification of sewage sludge is a promising method for its valorisation due to the fuel flexibility of the process. The main drawbacks are the impurities present in the producer gas, with a high tar content, and its low calorific value. In this study, sewage sludge and wood mixtures are gasified in a fluidized bed. A tar cracking reactor is used to reduce the amount of tars and to increase the calorific value of the producer gas. Sewage sludge char is employed for tar cracking with a real producer gas, showing the feasibility of the process with a tar conversion of about 80% at the beginning. The test was conducted for several hours and tar deactivation was observed, which lead to a decrease of tar conversion to about 35% after 5 hours. Reactivating the char with steam increases again the tar conversion up to 84%, however, the subsequent deactivation was found to be faster compared to the one for fresh char. First tests using char from the gasification process in the tar cracking unit also show promising results.

Peer reviewed papers | 2019

Characterization and performance evaluation of ammonia as fuel for solid oxide fuel cells with Ni/YSZ anodes

Stoeckl B, Subotić V, Preininger M, Schwaiger M, Evic N, Schroettner H, Hochenauer C. Characterization and performance evaluation of ammonia as fuel for solid oxide fuel cells with Ni/YSZ anodes. Electrochimica Acta 2019;298:874-883.

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Ammonia appears to be a promising fuel for solid oxide fuel cell systems: it is a carbon-free species, can be stored easily and offers an excellent energy density with a high hydrogen content. This work shows comprehensive investigations of the direct operation of ammonia on an industrial-sized solid oxide fuel cell with Ni/YSZ anode. In the course of this study, ammonia exhibited excellent performance as a fuel for solid oxide fuel cells, although test results equivalent to those of hydrogen/nitrogen fuel mixtures were not attained. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy proved the reduced performance output of ammonia as fuel to result from its endothermic decomposition. This significantly increased the ohmic resistance, which is mainly influenced by the ammonia flow rate. Operation in counter-flow is more favorable than in co-flow, as lower ohmic and diffusion resistances were measured. Twenty-four-hour stability tests showed stable behavior at 800 °C and a voltage decrease of 2% at 700 °C. Investigations of the anode micro-structure suggest that nickel nitriding occurred, as microscopic pores, particle enlargements, and agglomerations were identified at the metallic parts.

Reports | 2019

CO-Lambda optimization

Operation of biomass boilers at maximum efficiency and with complete combustion

Zemann C, Gölles M. CO-Lambda optimization - Operation of biomass boilers at maximum efficiency and with complete combustion. 2019.

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Reports | 2019

CO-Lambda-Optimierung

Betrieb von Feuerungen bei maximalem Wirkungsgrad und vollständigem Ausbrand

Zemann C, Gölles M. CO-Lambda-Optimierung - Betrieb von Feuerungen bei maximalem Wirkungsgrad und vollständigem Ausbrand. 2019.

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Peer reviewed papers | 2019

Co-Simulation of an Energy Management System for Future City District Energy Systems

Moser AGC, Muschick D, Gölles M, Lerch W, Schranzhofer H, Nageler PJ et al. Co-Simulation of an Energy Management System for Future City District Energy Systems. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Innovative Applied Energy. 2019.

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The continuous increase of (volatile) renewable energy production and the development of energy-efficient buildings have led to a transformation of city districts’ energy systems. Their complexity has increased significantly due to the coupling of the different energy sectors like heating, cooling and electricity. Such complex multi-energy systems can be operated more efficiently and reliably if knowledge of their specific components (in terms of mathematical models) as well as knowledge of weather forecasts is incorporated in a high-level controller, which is typically referred to as an Energy Management System (EMS). However, still little comprehensive information on the costs and the practical advantages of such systems is available. For this reason, a simulation environment to estimate the real costs and advantages of the use of such an EMS is required. Consequently, this work focuses on the development of an EMS for future city districts’ energy systems and the development of a co-simulation environment in order to demonstrate the benefits of the use of the developed EMS in comparison to a conventional control strategy. The co-simulation is implemented with the aid of the co-simulation platform Building Controls Virtual Test Bed (BCVTB) and consists of the following parts: a non-linear, thermoelectric model and a control block containing either the conventional control strategy or the EMS. The thermoelectric model is built up using the well-established simulation tools TRNSYS and IDA-ICE, simulating the energy hub of the city district and the districts’ buildings, respectively. The control block is simulated using MATLAB, where IBM ILOG CPLEX is used for solving the resulting mixed-integer linear program (MILP) of the EMS. Finally, an economic model for financial (and ecological) assessment of the operation is simulated with the aid of the software package Dymola. To put the developed EMS and the co-simulation into practise a case study based on a new city district in Graz, Austria, which is currently in the planning stage, is carried out. The integration of the responsible planners and investors in the modelling process guarantees the models’ practical applicability. In the case study the performance of the originally planned conventional control strategy is compared with the performance of the developed EMS using annual simulations with a simulation time step of 1 minute, and a 24 hour prediction horizon and a 15 minute time step for the EMS. For a more robust and realistic comparison both control strategies are simulated for different scenarios considering current and future (2060) climate conditions, medium and high energy demands (load), ideal and real load prediction methods and varying import prices for electricity from the electricity grid. The results show that the use of the developed EMS strategy results in reduced annual total costs (considering operational and investment costs of additionally suggested distributed energy resources) in comparison to the conventional control strategy. Furthermore, the annual CO2-emissions could be reduced by increasing the self-consumption of the installed (renewable) energy resources and thus decreasing the necessary energy imports from the electricity and the heating grid.

Conference presentations and posters | 2019

Co-Simulation of an Energy Management System for Future City District Energy Systems (Presentation)

Moser AGC, Muschick D, Gölles M, Lerch W, Schranzhofer H, Nageler PJ et al. Co-Simulation of an Energy Management System for Future City District Energy Systems. International Conference on Innovative Applied Energy. 2019. (Oral presentation, 15.03.2019.)

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Slides of the talk "Co-Simulation of an Energy Management System for Future City District Energy Systems"

Peer reviewed papers | 2019

Cultivation of the microalga Eustigmatos magnus in different photobioreactor geometries and subsequent anaerobic digestion of pre-treated biomass

Gruber-Brunhumer MR, Schöberl A, Zohar E, Koenigsberger S, Bochmann G, Uher B, Lang I, Schagerl M, Fuchs W, Drosg B. Cultivation of the microalga Eustigmatos magnus in different photobioreactor geometries and subsequent anaerobic digestion of pre-treated biomass. Biomass and Bioenergy 2019.105303.

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Microalgal biomass as a feedstock for biogas production is linked to the parameters biomass productivity and biogas yield. Besides an easy-to-use strain for anaerobic digestion, the photobioreactor (PBR) design is important. A microalgae strain selection revealed Eustigmatos magnus (SAG 36.89) as the most promising strain yielding an average of 100 mg total suspended solids (TSS) L−1 day−1. The strain was tested in cost-effective sleevebag-PBR-systems of 10 cm, 20 cm and 30 cm diameter facing the light from the front or laterally. Highest mean productivity on a volumetric basis was measured in PBRs with the lowest diameter (104 and 117 mg L−1 day−1. The highest productivity per m−2 was achieved in 10 cm PBRs with front light configuration (9.35 g TSS m−2 day−1). The lateral light configuration of 10 cm PBRs had positive aspects such as the lowest mean water demand to produce 1 kg TSS (481 L−1 kg−1) and the lowest mean energy demand for medium separation of 1 kg TSS (106 Wh). The concentrated microalgal biomass was then subjected to ultrasonication and thermal pre-treatment (90 °C and 120 °C) and tested in BMP tests. Mesophilic anaerobic mono-digestion of untreated microalgae biomass led to a methane (CH4) yield of 343 L−1 kg−1 volatile solids (VS). Thermal pre-treatment at 120 °C resulted in significantly increased CH4 yields of 430 L−1 kg−1 VS. As thermal pre-treatment can be easily installed nearby a biogas plant it could be an interesting option for AD of microalgal biomass with only little investment.

Conference presentations and posters | 2019

Customizing biomass as reducing agent in blast furnace steelmaking – preliminary results

Strasser C, Kienzl N, Martini S, Dißauer C, Deutsch R. Customizing biomass as reducing agent in blast furnace steelmaking – preliminary results. 27th European Biomass Conference & Exhibition (Poster). May 2019.

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The reduction of greenhouse gas emission is an important issue for steel industry. One possibility is to use biomass-based reducing agents, also called bioreducers, to replace a least partly the fossil reducer agents. To produce bioreducer we treated woody biomass in a lab-scale muffle furnace, we performed grinding experiments with a ball mill, we analyzed the particle size distribution with laser diffraction and we used a rotating device, the revolution powder analyzer, for flow behavior investigations. Our preliminary results show that treatment temperatures >250 oC bring adequate increased calorific value and improved grindability. For a certain treatment temperature the particle size distribution and as well the flow behavior shows similarities to lignite.

Conference presentations and posters | 2019

Decomposition of tars in dual fluidized bed gasification – mechanisms of formation and decomposition in long-term operation

Umeki K, Priscak J, Kuba M. Decomposition of tars in dual fluidized bed gasification – mechanisms of formation and decomposition in long-term operation. ICPS 2019.

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Reports | 2019

Deliverable 4.2 Development of protocols relevant for biochemical and thermochemical conversion of biomass

Oliveira C, Carvalheiro F, Duarte KC, del Campo I, Fryda LE, Banks S, Anca-Couce A, Gírio F, Retschitzegger S. Deliverable 4.2 Development of protocols relevant for biochemical and thermochemical conversion of biomass. BRISK II - Deliverable. November 2019

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Reports | 2019

Deliverable 5.1 - Interim Report on Tasks 5.1 – 5.5

Retschitzegger S, Kienzl N, Wang S, Yang W, Banks S, Colmenar I, et al. Deliverable 5.1 - Interim Report on Tasks 5.1 – 5.5. BRISK II - Deliverable. March 2019.

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Reports | 2019

Deliverable 6.2 Improved and extended tar protocol

Anca‐Couce A, von Berg L, Kienzl N, Martini S, del Campo I, Funcia I, Kraia T, Panopoulos K, Fryda K, Geusebroek M, Engvall K, Tuomi S. Deliverable 6.2 Improved and extended tar protocol. BRISK II - Deliverable. December 2019.

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Reports | 2019

Deliverable 7.3 - Infrastructure upgrading / modifications: biobased intermediates conversion

Panopoulos K, Bampaou M, Retschitzegger S, del Campo Colmenar I, Zimbardi F, Girio F, Anca-Couce A, Safi C. Deliverable 7.3 - Infrastructure upgrading / modifications: biobased intermediates conversion. BRISK II - Deliverable. November 2019.

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Conference presentations and posters | 2019

Development of a New Method for Investigation of the Ash Melting Behavior in the Fluidized Bed Conversion Processes

Priscak J, Kuba M, Hofbauer H. Development of a New Method for Investigation of the Ash Melting Behavior in the Fluidized Bed Conversion Processes. ICPS 2019.

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Peer reviewed papers | 2019

Double-cropping systems based on rye, maize and sorghum: Impact of variety and harvesting time on biomass and biogas yield

Wannasek L, Ortner M, Kaul HP, Amon B, Amon T. Double-cropping systems based on rye, maize and sorghum: Impact of variety and harvesting time on biomass and biogas yield. European Journal of Agronomy 2019.110:125934

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Climate change affects the frequency and intensity of extreme weather, the results of which include production losses and climate-induced crop productivity fluctuations.

Double-cropping systems (DCSs) have been suggested as a way to increase biomass-production while simultaneously delivering environmental benefits. In a three-year field-test, two DCSs based on maize and sorghum as the main crop and rye as the preceding winter crop were compared with each other and compared with 2 single-cropping systems (SCSs) of maize or sorghum; there were comparisons of growth dynamics, optimal harvesting and growing time as well as biomass and methane yield. In addition, the impact of variety and harvest time on the winter rye optimal biomass yield was studied.

The experiments clearly showed the superiority of the DCS over the SCS. Within the DCS, the rye/sorghum combination achieved significantly higher biomass yields compared to those of the rye/maize combination. The highest dry matter biomass yield was achieved during year 1 at 27.5 ± 2.4 t∙ha−1, during which winter rye contributed 8.3 ± 0.7 t∙ha−1 and sorghum contributed 19.2 ± 1.8 t∙ha−1. At the experimental location, which is influenced by a Pannonia climate (hot and dry), the rye/sorghum DCS was able to obtain average methane yields per hectare, 9300 m3, whereas the rye/maize combination reached 7400 m3. In contrast, the rye, maize and sorghum SCSs achieved methane yields of 4800, 6100 and 6500 m3 ha−1, respectively. The study revealed that the winter rye and sorghum DCS is a promising strategy to counteract climate change and thus guarantee crop yield stability.

Peer reviewed papers | 2019

Effects of partial maize silage substitution with microalgae on viscosity and biogas yields in continuous AD trials

Gruber-Brunhumer MR, Montgomery LFR, Nussbaumer M, Schoepp T, Zohar E, Muccio M, Ludwig I, Bochmann G, Fuchs W, Drosg B. Effects of partial maize silage substitution with microalgae on viscosity and biogas yields in continuous AD trials. Journal of Biotechnology 2019;295:80-89.

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The microalga Acutodesmus obliquus was investigated as a feedstock in semi-continuously fed anaerobic digestion trials, where A. obliquus was co-digested with pig slurry and maize silage. Maize silage was substituted by both 10% and 20% untreated, and 20% ultrasonicated microalgae biomass on a VS (volatile solids) basis. The substitution of maize silage with 20% of either ultrasonicated and untreated microalgae led to significantly lower biogas yields, i.e., 560 dm³ kg−1 VScorr in the reference compared to 516 and 509 dm³ kg-1VScorr for untreated and ultrasonicated microalgae substitution. Further, the viscosities in the different reactors were measured at an OLR of 3.5 g VS dm-3 d-1. However, all treatments with microalgae resulted in significantly lower viscosities. While the mean viscosity reached 0.503 Pa s in the reference reactor, mean viscosities were 53% lower in reactors where maize was substituted by 20% microalgae, i.e. 0.239 Pa s, at a constant rotation speed of 30 rpm. Reactors where maize was substituted by 20% ultrasonicated microalgae had a 32% lower viscosity, for 10% microalgae substitution a decrease of 8% was measured. Decreased viscosities have beneficial effect on the bioprocess and the economy in biogas plants. Nonetheless, with regard to other parameters, no positive effect on biogas yields by partial substitution with microalgae biomass was found. The application of microalgae may be an interesting option in anaerobic digestion when fibrous or lignocellulosic substances lead to high viscosities of the digested slurries. High production costs remain the bottleneck for making microalgae an interesting feedstock.

Peer reviewed papers | 2019

Efficient Multi-Year Economic Energy Planning in Microgrids

Pecenak Z, Stadler M, Fahy K, Efficient Multi-Year Economic Energy Planning in Microgrids. Applied Energy 2019;225.

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With energy systems, the problem of economic planning is decisive in the design of a low carbon and resilient future grid. Although several tools to solve the problem already exist in literature and industry, most tools only consider a single “typical year” while providing investment decisions that last around a quarter of a century. In this paper, we introduce why such an approach is limited and derive two approaches to correct this. The first approach, the Forward-Looking model, assumes perfect knowledge and makes investment decisions based on the full planning horizon. The second novel approach, the Adaptive method, solves the optimization problem in single year iterations, making incremental investment decisions that are dependant on previous years, with only knowledge of the current year. Comparing the two approaches on a realistic microgrid, we find little difference in investment decisions (maximum 21% difference in total cost over 20 years), but large differences in optimization time (up to 12000% time difference). We close the paper by discussing implications of forecasting errors on the microgrid planning process, concluding that the Adaptive approach is a suitable choice.

Peer reviewed papers | 2019

Efficient Multi-Year Economic Energy Planning in Microgrids

Pecenak Zachary K, Stadler M,Fahy K. Efficient Multi-Year Economic Energy Planning in Microgrids. Applied Energy Journal by Elsevier, ISSN: 0306-2619

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With energy systems, the problem of economic planning is decisive in the design of a low carbon and resilient future grid. Although several tools to solve the problem already exist in literature and industry, most tools only consider a single “typical year” while providing investment decisions that last around a quarter of a century. In this paper, we introduce why such an approach is limited and derive two approaches to correct this. The first approach, the Forward-Looking model, assumes perfect knowledge and makes investment decisions based on the full planning horizon. The second novel approach, the Adaptive method, solves the optimization problem in single year iterations, making incremental investment decisions that are dependant on previous years, with only knowledge of the current year. Comparing the two approaches on a realistic microgrid, we find little difference in investment decisions (maximum 21% difference in total cost over 20 years), but large differences in optimization time (up to 12000% time difference). We close the paper by discussing implications of forecasting errors on the microgrid planning process, concluding that the Adaptive approach is a suitable choice.

Conference presentations and posters | 2019

Evaluation of analytical methods for assessing biomass gasification producer gas quality for solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) operation

Martini S, Lagler J, Tsiotsias T, Kienzl N, Anca-Couce A. Evaluation of analytical methods for assessing biomass gasification producer gas quality for solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) operation. 27th European Biomass Conference & Exhibition (Poster). May 2019.

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The efficient and flexible conversion of solid biomass into energetic products will be an essential part of a future renewable, independent and reliable energy providing system. The main objective of the project Bio-CCHP is the development of a novel tri-generation system, including biomass gasification, gas cleaning, a Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) and a cooling machine with the aim to produce electricity, heat and cold (CCHP), maximizing the efficiency and flexibility of the system. However, the employment of biomass derived product gas as fuel gas for SOFC is facing new challenges for gas quality assurance. For the evaluation of required dry high temperature gas cleaning processes the applied methods of gas characterization have to be accurate and reliable. Therefore, a comprehensive evaluation of analytical methods for the detection of SOFC harmful compounds is conducted within the ongoing project. First results of online and offline sampling and analysis methods employed at air- and steam-operated gasifiers are shown in this paper.

Conference presentations and posters | 2019

Evaluation of methane emissions from different Austrian biogas plants using harmonised methods including an open-path technology

Wechselberger V, Huber-Humber M, Meixner K, Knoll L, Hrad M. Evaluation of methane emissions from different Austrian biogas plants using harmonised methods including an open-path technology. 17th International Waste Management and Landfill Symposium, Calgari Italy. Sep 2019.

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Although the number of studies investigating the contribution of anaerobic digestion facilities to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions has increased during the last decade, reliable data with respect to gaseous process losses from these management practices, particularly at commercial scale, is scarce (Liebetrau et al., 2013, Reinelt et al., 2017, Hrad et al., 2015). The dynamic and fugitive nature of methane emissions, changing operating conditions, and different as well as not standardised measurement approaches compromise the precise quantification of the overall emissions from full-scale biogas plants. However, reliable and verifiable emission data from biogas or biomethane facilities are required in order to optimise and improve the plant-specific process efficiency as well as future technology developments. In addition, precise and comprehensive measurement data from full-scale waste treatment facilities are needed for more accurate emission factors (EFs) estimates, which are required for annual reporting according to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) guidelines (IPCC, 2006).
Within the European project “EvEmBi - Evaluation and reduction of different biogas plant concepts” (2018-2021, funded within the 11th ERA-NET bioenergy call) 15 partners from 5 European countries evaluate the existing technologies at biogas plants regarding their methane EFs and develop emission reduction strategies, respectively. The focus of the Austrian research group within this project is the evaluation of Austrian bio-waste plants.
In a first step, emissions from single sources as well as overall plant emissions are quantified. For the latter, the Austrian team uses an open-path technology (Open-Path Tunable-Diode-Laser-Spectroscopy) together with meteorological data (ultra-sonic anemometer) and inverse dispersion modelling (Backward Lagrangian Model). In order to determine comparable EFs, the applied methodologies are based on a measurement guideline developed in the previous project “MetHarmo – European harmonization of method to quantify methane emissions from biogas plants” (funded within the 9th ERA-NET bioenergy call). In addition, the determined EFs of the individual plant concepts are transferred to EFs of the entire plant inventory of the particular countries. For that, a model for EF quantification is used which is based on statistical information on the emissions from different plant components as well as on the distribution of certain technologies present in the participating countries. Furthermore, for the particular biogas plants emission reduction strategies are developed, implemented and verified.
In this presentation, the harmonised approach, first emission results from the Austrian measurement campaigns as well as emission reduction strategies are presented.

Other papers | 2019

Evaluation of the Operational Behaviour of Fixed-bed Biomass Gasifiers - A Novel Approach for Steady-state Analysis

Hollenstein C, Zemann C, Antolini D, Patuzzi F, Martini S, Baratieri M, Gölles M. Evaluation of the Operational Behaviour of Fixed-bed Biomass Gasifiers - A Novel Approach for Steady-state Analysis. Proceedings of the 27th European Biomass Conference and Exhibition, Vols. 27-30 May 2019, pp. 849-860, 2019.

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Assessing the operational behaviour of biomass gasification systems is a crucial basis for further improvements in terms of operational behaviour and robustness in order to increase the technologies’ operational and economic viability. However, in most fixed-bed biomass gasification systems not all parameters required for the assessment can be measured directly. Typically, unknown parameters are determined by using as many balance equations as parameters have to be determined neglecting the additional information provided by other available but not chosen balance equations. Thus, these approaches do not incorporate all measurement data available resulting in a lack of reliability in their results. A detailed analysis of these approaches emphasises that even small deviations in the measurement data can lead to significant deviations in the calculated parameters, demonstrating that individual choices of equations can be highly sensitive regarding measurement uncertainties.

Therefore, an adjusted weighted least squares approach is developed utilizing an overdetermined system of equations incorporating all balance equations simultaneously. Thus, all measurement data available is taken into account, minimizing the influences of measurement uncertainties on the determined parameters. A comprehensive analysis shows that this approach is less sensitive to measurement uncertainties, allowing for a more reliable and accurate assessment of fixed-bed biomass gasifiers.

Keywords: fixed-bed, gasification, mass balance, performance assessment

Peer reviewed papers | 2019

Experimental demonstration of 80 kWth chemical looping combustion of biogenic feedstock coupled with direct CO2 utilization by exhaust gas methanation

Fleiß B, Bartik A, Priscak J, Benedikt F, Fuchs J, Müller S, Hofbauer H.Experimental demonstration of 80 kWth chemical looping combustion of biogenic feedstock coupled with direct CO2 utilization by exhaust gas methanation. Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery.10 May 2023

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Chemical looping combustion is a highly efficient CO2 separation technology without direct contact between combustion air and fuel. A metal oxide is used as an oxygen carrier in dual fluidized beds to generate clean CO2. The use of biomass is the focus of current research because of the possibility of negative CO2 emissions and the utilization of biogenic carbon. The most commonly proposed OC are natural ores and residues, but complete combustion has not yet been achieved. In this work, the direct utilization of CLC exhaust gas for methane synthesis as an alternative route was investigated, where the gas components CO, CH4 and H2 are not disadvantageous but benefit the reactions in a methanation step. The whole process chain, the coupling of an 80 kWth pilot plant with gas cleaning and a 10 kW fluidized bed methanation unit were for this purpose established. As OC, ilmenite enhanced with limestone was used, combusting bark pellets in autothermal operation at over 1000 °C reaching high combustion efficiencies of up to 91.7%. The fuel reactor exhaust gas was mixed with hydrogen in the methanation reactor at 360 °C and converted with a methane yield of up to 97.3%. The study showed especially high carbon utilization efficiencies of 97% compared to competitor technologies. Based on the experimental results, a scale-up concept study showed the high potential of the combination of the technologies concerning the total efficiency and the adaptability to grid injection.

Peer reviewed papers | 2019

Experimental investigation on biomass shrinking and swelling behaviour: Particles pyrolysis and wood logs combustion

Caposciutti G, Almuina-Villar H, Dieguez-Alonso A, Gruber T, Kelz J, Desideri U, Hochenauer C, Scharler R, Anca-Couce A. Experimental investigation on biomass shrinking and swelling behaviour: Particles pyrolysis and wood logs combustion. Biomass and Bioenergy 2019;123:1-13.

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Biomass is a suitable energy source to reduce the carbon footprint and increase the use of renewable energy. However, the biomass exploitation is still slowed by many technical issues. In most practical applications, such as gasification or combustion devices, it is important to predict the fuel physical behavior in order to determine the emissions and heat release profile as well as for modeling and design purposes. Within this paper, the study of the dimensional evolution of a biomass fuel (beech wood) in pyrolysis and combustion processes were carried out with the use of the image analysis tool. Sizes from 15 mm to 300 mm characteristic length range were employed in the experiments and the collected data were related to the mass loss and temperature evolution of the biomass particle. It was found that for all the fuel sizes employed a similar volume reduction (60%–66%) was obtained at the end of pyrolysis. However, for the small particles with minor intra-particle gradients shrinkage took place mainly at the end of conversion, while for bigger particles the size variation patter was more linear. Furthermore, swelling was detected in the pyrolysis experiments, and it was higher for a bigger particle size, while cracking and fragmentation phenomena was observed for large wood logs combustion in the stove.

Reports | 2019

Factsheet Staubemissionen

Schwarz M, Strasser C. Factsheet Staubemissionen. 2019

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Zum Erreichen der Ziele der österreichischen Klimastrategie leisten Biomassefeuerungen einen entscheidenden Beitrag. Um dabei die Luftgüte nicht außer Acht zu lassen, wird in diesem Factsheet der aktuelle und zukünftige Status (bis 2050) von Staubemissionen in Österreich basierend auf Literaturdaten und eigenen Messungen dargelegt, und der aktuelle Kenntnisstand zu Emissionen aus Biomasse-Kleinfeuerungen zusammengefasst.

Reports | 2019

Fischer-Tropsch products from biomass-derived syngas and renewable hydrogen

Gruber H, Groß P, Rauch R, Reichhold A, Zweiler R, Aichernig C, Müller S, Ataimisch N, Hofbauer H. Fischer-Tropsch products from biomass-derived syngas and renewable hydrogen. 2019.

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Global climate change will make it necessary to transform transportation and mobility away from what we know now towards a sustainable, flexible, and dynamic sector. A severe reduction of fossil-based CO2 emissions in all energy-consuming sectors will be necessary to keep global warming below 2 °C above preindustrial levels. Thus, long-distance transportation will have to increase the share of renewable fuel consumed until alternative powertrains are ready to step in. Additionally, it is predicted that the share of renewables in the power generation sector grows worldwide. Thus, the need to store the excess electricity produced by fluctuating renewable sources is going to grow alike. The “Winddiesel” technology enables the integrative use of excess electricity combined with biomass-based fuel production. Surplus electricity can be converted to H2 via electrolysis in a first step. The fluctuating H2 source is combined with biomass-derived CO-rich syngas from gasification of lignocellulosic feedstock. Fischer-Tropsch synthesis converts the syngas to renewable hydrocarbons. This research article summarizes the experiments performed and presents new insights regarding the effects of load changes on the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis. Long-term campaigns were carried out, and performance-indicating parameters such as per-pass CO conversion, product distribution, and productivity were evaluated. The experiments showed that integrating renewable H2 into a biomass-to-liquid Fischer-Tropsch concept could increase the productivity while product distribution remains almost the same. Furthermore, the economic assessment performed indicates good preconditions towards commercialization of the proposed system.

Other papers | 2019

Ganzheitliche Planung dezentraler Energiekonzepte durch mathematische Optimierung

Liedtke P, Stadler M, Zellinger M, Hengl F. Ganzheitliche Planung dezentraler Energiekonzepte durch mathematische Optimierung. e-nova Konferenz 2019.

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Kernthema dieses Beitrags ist die ganzheitliche Konzeption von Mikronetze, die sich auf die Reduzierung von Kosten und CO2-Emissionen konzentriert. Mikronetze, oder auch Microgrids, ermöglichen die koordinierte Energieerzeugung von dezentralen Energieressourcen, die Speicherungen der produzierten Energie und ein Lastmanagement zum Ausgleich von Wärme-, Kälte- und Elektrizitätsdienstleistungen. Mikronetze können vom breiteren Versorgungsnetz getrennt werden, können diverse Dienstleistungen erbringen und/oder selbst Energie erzeugen sowie in Überschusszeiten speichern und bei Bedarf wieder Kosten- oder Stabilitäts-orientiert freigeben.
Die mathematische Optimierung dient als unvoreingenommene Alternative für eine gesamtheitliche Planung von dezentralen Energietechnologien. Dieses Kriterium wird bei einer Kosten- oder CO2-Reduktion vor allem dann essentiell, wenn vielfältigen Kombinationen von Technologien und Kapazitäten möglich sind. Modernste Ansätze betrachten jedoch einen quasistatischen Aufbau unter Verwendung linearisierte Modelle und Mixed Integer Linear Optimization (MILP), wobei dynamische Effekte vernachlässigt werden. Unter Berücksichtigung von Lasten, geografischen, ökonomisch-ökologischen und tariflichen Daten sind mathematische Optimierungsalgorithmen in der Lage, verschiedene Anwendungsfälle zu beurteilen, wobei Effekte wie Vorwärmung, Sollwertänderungen oder kurzfristige Sonnenschwankungen unberücksichtigt bleiben. Dies bedeutet, dass die in quasistatischen Ansätzen verwendete Wärme- und Strombilanzen ungenau sein können (eventuell können physikalische Randbedingungen sogar verletzt werden, was zu suboptimalen Ergebnissen bei der Planung führen würde).
Die Notwendigkeit besteht quasistatische Optimierung mit einer weiteren Modellierungsart zu vergleichen und die Auswirkungen auf traditionelle quasistatische Ansätze, wie sie in DER-CAM oder ReOpt eingesetzt werden, aufzudecken. Um Abweichungen - bestehend aus dynamischen oder sogar Rebound Effekten - zu erkennen, werden mit TRNSYS Gebäude- und Anlagensimulationen für eine geplante Siedlungsanlage erstellt und ein Energiekonzept mit dem mathematischen Optimierungsprogramm OptEnGrid berechnet. Der Ansatz wird für vier Doppelhäuser und ein Mehrfamilienhaus getestet. Die Gebäude werden in TRNSYS simuliert und bieten thermische Lastdaten für den Referenzfall. Auch die Stromerzeugung mit PV-Modellen und der elektrische Verbrauch mit synthetischen Lastprofilen sind sowohl in der Optimierung als auch in der Simulation beteiligt. In der elektrischen Stromerzeugung zeigt die mathematische Optimierung bereits eine Abweichung von mehr als 5% auf Jahresbasis zur TRNSYS-Simulation. Ergebnisse im thermischen Energiebereich folgen nach weiterer Auswertung.

Conference presentations and posters | 2019

GHG emission reduction costs of various technologies in the heating and mobility sectors

Strasser C, Schwarz M, Sturmlechner R, GHG emission reduction costs of various technologies in the heating and mobility sectors. 27th European Biomass Conference & Exhibition (Poster). May 2019.

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Peer reviewed papers | 2019

High Utilization of Humidified Ammonia and Methane in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells: An Experimental Study of Performance and Stability

Stöckl B, Preininger M, Subotic V, Gaber C, Seidl M, Sommersacher P, Schröttner H, Hochenauer C. High Utilization of Humidified Ammonia and Methane in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells: An Experimental Study of Performance and Stability. Journal of The Electrochemical Society 2019.166:F774-F783.

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Wastewater contains high amounts of unused energy in the form of dissolved ammonia, which can easily be converted into gaseous humidified ammonia via membrane distillation, thus providing a potential fuel for solid oxide fuel cells. This study presents comprehensive investigations of the use of humidified ammonia as the primary fuel component in high-fuel utilization conditions. For these investigations, large planar anode- and electrolyte-supported solid oxide single cells were operated at the respective appropriate temperatures, 800°C and 850°C. Fueled with ammonia, both cells exhibited excellent ammonia conversion ( > 99.5%) in addition to excellent performance output and fuel utilization. In 100 h stability tests performed at 80% fuel utilization, the cells exhibited stable performance, despite scanning electron microscopy analyzes revealing partial impairments to the nickel parts of both cells due to the formation and subsequent decomposition of nickel nitride. This study also demonstrates that methane is a perfect additional fuel component for humidified ammonia streams, as steam supports the internal reforming of methane. Alternating and direct current as well as electrochemical impedance measurements with a variety of ammonia/steam/methane/nitrogen fuel mixtures were used to evaluate the performance potential of the cells, and proved their stability over 48 h in highly polarized conditions.

Other Publications | 2019

How to Introduce the Future Transport System

Bacovsky D. How to Introduce the Future Transport System. Transport Decarbonisation Workshop. November 2019.

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Peer reviewed papers | 2019

Implementation and long term experiences with a continuous hygienisation process in food industry – A case study

Wöss D, Ortner M, Mensik J, Kirchmayr R, Schumergruber A, Pröll T. Implementation and long term experiences with a continuous hygienisation process in food industry – A case study. Chemical Engineering and Processing - Process Intensification 2019;137:100-107.

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A three tonne/hour batch-type hygienisation process for animal waste was replaced by a fully continuous process including heat integration. The plant is embedded into a pig abattoir including an anaerobic digestion (biogas) plant and gas-engine-based combined heat and power (CHP) production. Pre-heating is done in a series of four tube bundle apparatuses with heat transferred from the hot treated animal waste leaving the hygienisation plant. A closed water loop is used for heat transfer in this heat recovery arrangement. After pre-heating, the feed passes a second series of four tube bundles operated with heat from the biogas CHP plant in order to meet a target temperature of 72 °C at the inlet of the continuous hygienisation section. The material leaving the tube section is finally cooled in a series of four tube bundles and provides heat for pre-heating the feed before it is directed into the biogas plant. The process was started up in 2011 and monitoring results are be presented from 2011 to 2016. With the implementation of the continuous process, energy consumption of the hygienisation step was reduced by 64% for thermal and by 69% for electric energy.

Other papers | 2019

Increased economic efficiency of dual fluidized bed plants via model-based control

Nigitz T, Gölles M, Aichernig C, Schneider S, Hofbauer H, Horn M. Increased economic efficiency of dual fluidized bed plants via model-based control. In 27th European Biomass Conference and Exhibition. 2019. p. 533 - 538 https://doi.org/10.5071/27thEUBCE2019-2BO.6.5

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Sustainable technologies can hardly compete with fossil-based technologies in terms of economic efficiency. One sustainable technology with special relevance due to its wide range of application and industrial readiness is biomass gasification using a dual fluidized bed (DFB). The economic challenges of a DFB gasification plant are addressed without constructional measures by adapting a current control strategy. This paper proposes a model-based control strategy aiming for increased economic efficiency of a DFB gasification plant considering exemplarily the “HGA Senden” in Ulm, Germany. A process analysis reveals high potential for improvement at the current control strategy for the synchronization of product gas production and utilization. A significant surplus of product gas is burned in an auxiliary boiler just for synchronization, and regular manual adjustments by the plant operators at the fuel feed are necessary. The model-based control strategy synchronizes by actuating the auxiliary boiler and the fuel feed simultaneously. The model-based control strategy is experimentally validated for over one month at the “HGA Senden” proofing a significant increase in economic efficiency. So, the economic efficiency of this technology for the sustainable production of energy and products is increased by model-based control.

Conference presentations and posters | 2019

Influence of fuel ash and bed material on the water-gas-shift equilibrium in DFB steam gasification

Fürsatz K, Fuchs J, Bartik A, Kuba M, Hofbauer H. Influence of fuel ash and bed material on the water-gas-shift equilibrium in DFB steam gasification. ICPS 2019.

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The bed material chosen for dual fluidized bed steam gasification has an important effect on the performance of gasification. Depending on their characteristics and properties, bed materials can have either a higher or lower catalytic activity, which influences the product gas composition as well as the tar content in the product gas. More catalytically active bed materials, like limestone and olivine, improve the quality of the product gas by e.g. promoting the water-gas-shift reaction and tar reforming reaction. The layers formed on the bed material are another aspect influencing the product gas composition. These layers are formed by the interaction of bed material and fuel ash. The deviation from the water-gas-shift equilibrium was chosen to quantify the effect of several bed materials and ash layers on the catalytic activity. The bed materials tested were K-feldspar, limestone, and activated olivine, while the used fuels were softwood, chicken manure, a bark – chicken manure mixture, and a bark –straw – chicken manure mixture. The performed experiments showed that an increased catalytic activity can be achieved by either using a catalytically active bed materials or ash-rich fuels.

 

Peer reviewed papers | 2019

Input data reduction for microgrid sizing and energy cost modeling: Representative days and demand charges

Fahy K, Stadler M, Pecenak ZK, Kleissl J. Input data reduction for microgrid sizing and energy cost modeling: Representative days and demand charges. Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy. 2019.11:065301

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Computational time in optimization models scales with the number of time steps. To save time, solver time resolution can be reduced and input data can be down-sampled into representative periods such as one or a few representative days per month. However, such data reduction can come at the expense of solution accuracy. In this work, the impact of reduction of input data is systematically isolated considering an optimization which solves an energy system using representative days. A new data reduction method aggregates annual hourly demand data into representative days which preserve demand peaks in the original profiles. The proposed data reduction approach is tested on a real energy system and real annual hourly demand data where the system is optimized to minimize total annual costs. Compared to the full-resolution optimization of the energy system, the total annual energy cost error is found to be equal or less than 0.22% when peaks in customer demand are preserved. Errors are significantly larger for reduction methods that do not preserve peak demand. Solar photovoltaic data reduction effects are also analyzed. This paper demonstrates a need for data reduction methods which consider demand peaks explicitly.

 

Peer reviewed papers | 2019

Interrelation of Volatile Organic Compounds and Sensory Properties of Alternative and Torrefied Wood Pellets

Poellinger-Zierler B, Sedlmayer I, Reinisch C, Hofbauer H, Schmidl C, Kolb LP, Wopienka E, Leitner E, Siegmund B. Interrelation of Volatile Organic Compounds and Sensory Properties of Alternative and Torrefied Wood Pellets. energy & fuels 2019.33:5270-5281.

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The increasing demand for wood pellets on the market, which is caused by their excellent combustion properties, inspires the production as well as the utilization of alternative biomass pellets as fuel. However, the emission of volatile organic compounds gives pellet materials a distinct odor or off-odor, which is directly perceived by the end user. Thus, there is an urgent need for knowledge about the emitted volatile organic compounds and their potential formation pathways as well as their contributions to odor properties of the pellets. In this study, pellets made of biomass energy crops (i.e., straw or miscanthus), byproducts from the food industry (i.e., rapeseed, grapevine, or DDGS (dried distillers grains with solubles from beer production)), or eucalyptus, as well as torrefied pinewood and torrefied sprucewood were investigated with respect to the emitted volatile compounds and their possible impact on the pellet odor. Headspace solid-phase microextraction in combination with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry was used to enrich, separate, and identify the compounds. Techniques used in sensory science were applied to obtain information about the odor properties of the samples. A total of 59 volatile compounds (acids, aldehydes and ketones, alcohols, terpenes, heterocyclic compounds, and phenolic compounds) were identified with different compound ratios in the investigated materials. The use of multivariate statistical data analysis provided deep insight into product–compound interrelation. For pellets produced from bioenergy crops, as well as from byproducts from the food industry, the sensory properties of the pellets reflected the odor properties of the raw material. With respect to the volatiles from torrefied pellets, those volatiles that are formed during the torrefaction procedure dominate the odor of the torrefied pellets covering the genuine odor of the utilized wood. The results of this work serve as a substantiated basis for future production of pellets from alternative raw materials.

Reports | 2019

Langzeitvalidierung eines neuen Ansatzes zur CO-Lambda-Optimierung

Zemann C, Gölles M. Langzeitvalidierung eines neuen Ansatzes zur CO-Lambda-Optimierung. 2019.

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Peer reviewed papers | 2019

Layer formation mechanism of K-feldspar in bubbling fluidized bed combustion of phosphorus-lean and phosphorus-rich residual biomass.

Wagner K, Häggström G, Skoglund N, Priscak J, Kuba M, Öhman M, Hofbauer H. Layer formation mechanism of K-feldspar in bubbling fluidized bed combustion of phosphorus-lean and phosphorus-rich residual biomass. Applied Energy 2019.248:545-554.

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The use of phosphorus-rich fuels in fluidized bed combustion is one probable way to support both heat and power production and phosphorus recovery. Ash is accumulated in the bed during combustion and interacts with the bed material to form layers and/or agglomerates, possibly removing phosphorus from the bed ash fraction. To further deepen the knowledge about the difference in the mechanisms behind the ash chemistry of phosphorus-lean and phosphorus-rich fuels, experiments in a 5 kW bench-scale-fluidized bed test-rig with K-feldspar as the bed material were conducted with bark, wheat straw, chicken manure, and chicken manure admixtures to bark and straw. Bed material samples were collected and studied for layer formation and agglomeration phenomena by scanning electron microscopy combined with energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry. The admixture of phosphorus-rich chicken manure to bark changed the layer formation mechanism, shifting the chemistry to the formation of phosphates rather than silicates. The admixture of chicken manure to straw reduced the ash melting and agglomeration risk, making it possible to increase the time until defluidization of the fluidized bed occurred. The results also highlight that an increased ash content does not necessarily lead to more ash melting related problems if the ash melting temperature is high enough.

Peer reviewed papers | 2019

Layer Formation on Feldspar Bed Particles during Indirect Gasification of Wood Part 1: K-Feldspar

Faust R, Hannl T K, Berdugo Vilches T, Kuba M, Öhmann M, Seemann M C, Knutsson P Layer Formation on Feldspar Bed Particles during Indirect Gasification of Wood Part 1: K-Feldspar.Energy&Fuels 2019.33:8:7321-7332

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The choice of bed material for biomass gasification plays a crucial role for the overall efficiency of the process. Olivine is the material conventionally used for biomass gasification due to the observed activity of olivine toward cracking of unwanted tars. Despite its catalytic activity, olivine contains high levels of chromium, which complicates the deposition of used bed material. Feldspar has shown the same activity as olivine when used as a bed material in biomass gasification. As opposed to olivine, feldspar does not contain environmentally hazardous compounds, which makes it a preferred alternative for further applications. The interaction of bed material and ash heavily influences the properties of the bed material. In the present study interactions between feldspar and main ash compounds of woody biomass in an indirect gasification system were investigated. Bed material samples were collected at different time intervals and analyzed with SEM-EDS and XRD. The obtained analysis results were then compared to thermodynamic models. The performed study was divided in two parts: in part 1 (the present paper), K-rich feldspar was investigated, whereas Na-rich feldspar is presented in part 2 of the study (DOI: 10.1021/acs.energyfuels.9b01291). From the material analysis performed, it can be seen that, as a result of the bed materials’ interactions with the formed ash compounds, the latter were first deposited on the surface of the K-feldspar particles and later resulted in the formation of Ca- and Mg-rich layers. The Ca enriched in the layers further reacted with the feldspar, which led to its diffusion into the particles and the formation of CaSiO3 and KAlSiO4. Contrary to Ca, Mg did not react with the feldspar and remained on the surface of the particles, where it was found as Mg- or Ca-Mg-silicates. As a result of the described interactions, layer separation was noted after 51 h with an outer Mg-rich layer and an inner Ca-rich layer. Due to the development of the Ca- and Mg-rich layers and the bed material–ash interactions, crack formation was observed on the particles’ surfaces.

Peer reviewed papers | 2019

Layer Formation on Feldspar Bed Particles during Indirect Gasification of Wood. 1. K-Feldspar

Faust R, Hannl TK, Berdugo Vilches T Kuba M, Öhman M, Seemann M, Knutsson P. Layer Formation on Feldspar Bed Particles during Indirect Gasification of Wood. 1. K-Feldspar. Energy and Fuels 2019.33:7321-7332.

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The choice of bed material for biomass gasification plays a crucial role for the overall efficiency of the process. Olivine is the material conventionally used for biomass gasification due to the observed activity of olivine toward cracking of unwanted tars. Despite its catalytic activity, olivine contains high levels of chromium, which complicates the deposition of used bed material. Feldspar has shown the same activity as olivine when used as a bed material in biomass gasification. As opposed to olivine, feldspar does not contain environmentally hazardous compounds, which makes it a preferred alternative for further applications. The interaction of bed material and ash heavily influences the properties of the bed material. In the present study interactions between feldspar and main ash compounds of woody biomass in an indirect gasification system were investigated. Bed material samples were collected at different time intervals and analyzed with SEM-EDS and XRD. The obtained analysis results were then compared to thermodynamic models. The performed study was divided in two parts: in part 1 (the present paper), K-rich feldspar was investigated, whereas Na-rich feldspar is presented in part 2 of the study (DOI: 10.1021/acs.energyfuels.9b01291). From the material analysis performed, it can be seen that, as a result of the bed materials’ interactions with the formed ash compounds, the latter were first deposited on the surface of the K-feldspar particles and later resulted in the formation of Ca- and Mg-rich layers. The Ca enriched in the layers further reacted with the feldspar, which led to its diffusion into the particles and the formation of CaSiO3 and KAlSiO4. Contrary to Ca, Mg did not react with the feldspar and remained on the surface of the particles, where it was found as Mg- or Ca-Mg-silicates. As a result of the described interactions, layer separation was noted after 51 h with an outer Mg-rich layer and an inner Ca-rich layer. Due to the development of the Ca- and Mg-rich layers and the bed material–ash interactions, crack formation was observed on the particles’ surfaces.

Peer reviewed papers | 2019

Layer Formation on Feldspar Bed Particles during Indirect Gasification of Wood. 2. Na-Feldspar

Hannl TK, Faust R, Kuba M, Knutsson P, Berdugo Vilches T, Seemann MC, Öhman M. Layer Formation on Feldspar Bed Particles during Indirect Gasification of Wood Part 2: Na-Feldspar. Energy and Fuels 2019.33:7333-7346.

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Selecting a suitable bed material for the thermochemical conversion of a specific feedstock in a fluidized bed system requires identification of the characteristics of potential bed materials. An essential part of these characteristics is the interaction of the bed material with feedstock ash in a fluidized bed, which leads to layer formation and morphology changes. For this purpose, the interaction of feldspar bed material with the main ash-forming elements in wood ash (Ca, K, Mg, Si) in an indirect gasification system was analyzed using SEM-EDS, XRD, and thermodynamic modeling. In part 1 of this work (DOI: 10.1021/acs.energyfuels.9b01291), the layer formation on K-feldspar dominated by Ca reaction and ash deposition was investigated. The aim of this second part of the work was to determine the time-dependent layer formation on Na-feldspar and compare the results with the findings for K-feldspar. Interaction of Na-feldspar with ash-derived elements resulted in different layers on Na-feldspar: K reaction layers, where K replaced Na and Si shares decreased; Ca reaction layers, where Ca enriched and reacted with the Na-feldspar; and ash deposition layers, where wood ash elements accumulated on the surface. Ca reaction layers were formed first and became continuous on the surface before K reaction layers and ash deposition layers were detected. Cracks and crack layer formation in the Na-feldspar particles were found after several days of operation. The layer compositions and growth rates indicate that the diffusion of Ca and K plays an essential role in the formation of Ca reaction and K reaction layers. The reaction with Ca and the crack formation coincide with the interaction previously found for quartz and K-feldspar. In contrast to K-feldspar, Na-feldspar showed high potential for reaction with K. The findings indicate that the reaction of Na-feldspar with ash-derived K makes Na-feldspar a less stable bed material than K-feldspar during the thermochemical conversion of K-rich feedstocks in a fluidized bed system.

Peer reviewed papers | 2019

Layer formation on K-feldspar in fluidized bed combustion and gasification of bark and chicken manure

Wagner K, Häggström G, Mauerhofer AM, Kuba M, Skoglund N, Öhman M, Hofbauer H. Layer formation on K-feldspar in fluidized bed combustion and gasification of bark and chicken manure. Biomass and Bioenergy 2019.127:105251.

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Understanding layer formation on bed materials used in fluidized beds is a key step for advances in the application of alternative fuels. Layers can be responsible for agglomeration-caused shut-downs but they can also improve the gas composition in fluidized bed gasification. Layers were observed on K-feldspar (KAlSi3O8) impurities originating from the combined heat and power plant Senden which applies the dual fluidized bed (DFB) steam gasification technology. Pure K-feldspar was therefore considered as alternative bed material in DFB steam gasification. Focusing on the interactions between fuel ash and bed material, K-feldspar was tested in combustion and DFB steam gasification atmospheres using different fuels, namely Ca-rich bark, Ca- and P-rich chicken manure, and an admixture of chicken manure to bark. The bed particle layers formed on the bed material surface were characterized using combined scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy; area mappings and line scans were carried out for all samples. The obtained data show no essential influence of operational mode on the layer-formation process. During the combustion and DFB steam gasification of Ca-rich bark, a layer rich in Ca formed while K was diffusing out of the layer. The use of Ca- and P-rich chicken manure inhibited the diffusion of K, and a layer rich in Ca and P formed. The addition of P to bark via chicken manure also changed the underlying layer-formation processes to reflect the same processes as observed for pure chicken manure.

Reports | 2019

Machbarkeitsuntersuchung Methan aus Biomasse

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Im Rahmen dieser zusammenfassenden Machbarkeitsstudie werden Untersuchungen zum Biomassepotential in Österreich im Jahr 2050 sowie der Synthese von BioSNG auf Basis der Biomassewirbelschichtvergasung durchgeführt. Dabei werden verschiedene Vergasungsverfahren, welche durch den Reaktortyp charakterisiert sind, dargestellt. Bedingt durch das homogene Temperaturprofil, welches in einem Wirbelschichtvergaser gegeben ist und die dadurch gegebene einfache Regelbarkeit des Prozesses, stellt sich die Wirbelschicht als vorteilhaft im Vergleich zu Flugstromvergasern dar, welche durch das hohe Temperaturniveau einen höheren technischen Aufwand mit sich bringen und daher für Anlagen mit großen Brennstoffwärmeleistungen zu bevorzugen sind. In weiterer Folge wird auf den DFB Prozess und dessen Weiterentwicklung, den G-Volution Vergaser eingegangen, welcher den Vorteil eines größeren einzusetzenden Brennstoffspektrums aufweist.

Conference presentations and posters | 2019

Manufacturers' data vs. literature data - a comparison of LCI and LCA results for wood-burning residential heating systems

Rixrath D, Wartha C, Enigl E, Strasser C, Piringer G, Pali E. Manufacturers' data vs. literature data - a comparison of LCI and LCA results for wood-burning residential heating systems. SETAC 19 Conference (Poster). May 2019.

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Peer reviewed papers | 2019

Mathematical model of Fischer-Tropsch synthesis using variable alpha-parameter to predict product distribution.

Filip L, Zámostný P, Rauch R. Mathematical model of Fischer-Tropsch synthesis using variable alpha-parameter to predict product distribution. Fuel 2019;243:603-609.

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A mathematical model was developed based on data obtained on Fischer-Tropsch (FT) laboratory scale unit operated in steady state, belonging to BIOENERGY 2020+ GmbH, Austria to demonstrate alpha-parameter dependence on carbon number. The lab-scale unit processed the synthesis gas, obtained by the gasification of biomass (woodchips), to produce liquid fuels for transportation applications. The FT reaction took place in a slurry reactor filled with dispersed cobalt-based catalyst. The products were then separated by partial condensation depending on their boiling points. The final output of the FT laboratory scale unit comprised three product streams – wax, diesel and naphtha. The reaction and separation of products were simulated in Aspen Plus software. The mathematical model used kinetic description based on power-law rate equations. The modeled product selectivity was controlled using an alpha-parameter of the Anderson-Schulz-Flory distribution. Because of the significant deviation of products spectrum from typical Anderson-Schulz-Flory distribution, a modified description of reaction selectivity was developed. The description introduces variable alpha-parameter, dependent on number of carbon atoms in the reacting molecule. The mathematical model developed using MATLAB software considered the production of aliphatic paraffins having a number of carbon atoms from C1 to C60. The mathematical model of simulated lab-scale unit comprised an ideally mixed reactor RCSTR and three FLASH2 separators for the separation of desired products. The results from mathematical model were validated by a comparison with experimental results from FT lab-scale unit. The modified polynomial dependency of alpha-parameter on carbon number showed significantly better description of composition and amounts of FT products, especially for wax stream where the description using constant alpha led to enormous deviations. Such better prediction of composition and amounts of acquired products is important for evaluating efficiency of further upgrading the FT products to liquid fuel.

Conference presentations and posters | 2019

Microbial Production of Enzymes from Blood and Pulp Processing Waste Streams

Weiss R, Prall K, Neunteufel E, Ortner M, Guebitz G, Nyanhongo G. Microbial Production of Enzymes from Blood and Pulp Processing Waste Streams. 8th Congress of European Microbiologists (FEMS). July 2019.

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Peer reviewed papers | 2019

New experimental evaluation strategies regarding slag prediction of solid biofuels in pellet boilers

Schön C, Feldmeier S, Hartmann H, Schwabl M, Dahl J, Rathbauer J, Vega-Nieva D, Boman C, Öhman M, Burvall J. New experimental evaluation strategies regarding slag prediction of solid biofuels in pellet boilers. Energy & Fuels. 2019.33:11985-11995

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Pellet boilers and pellet stoves are widely used for heat production. But in most cases, only specific wood pellets with a low ash content are approved due to the increased risk of slagging and limited deashing capacity. The ash fusion test (AFT), according to prCEN/TS 15370-1, is currently the only standard method for the prediction of slagging. This method is not feasible for all biomass fuel types, since sometimes the characteristic temperatures cannot be determined or the characteristic shapes do not occur for temperature determination. Furthermore, the method is costly and requires complex instrumental infrastructure. Hence, a demand for more expressive or more rapid methods to characterize slag formation potential of fuels is often claimed. Based on a literature study, four such laboratory test methods were chosen, partly adapted, and then experimentally investigated. These methods included thermal treatment of the fuel itself or the ashes of the fuel and were the rapid slag test, CIEMAT, the slag analyzer, and the newly developed pellet ash and slag sieving assessment (PASSA) method. Method performance was practically assessed using 14 different biomass fuel pellets, which were mainly from different assortments of wood, but also herbaceous or other nonwoody fuels. The results from the tests with these four alternative methods were evaluated by comparing to both results from standard AFT and results from full-scale combustion tests performed over a maximum of 24 h. Seven different pellet boilers were assessed, of which one boiler was used to apply all 14 test fuels. According to the granulometric ash analysis (i.e., the ratio of >1 mm-fraction toward total ash formed), the sensitivity of the new test methods to depict slagging phenomena at a suitable level of differentiation was assessed. Satisfactory conformity of the boiler ash assessment (reference) was found for both, the slag analyzer and the PASSA method. The latter may, in particular, be seen as a promising and relatively simple low-input procedure, which can provide more real-life oriented test results for fixed-bed combustion. The standardized AFT could, however, not sufficiently predict the degree of slag actually formed in the reference boiler, particularly when only wood fuels are regarded.

Peer reviewed papers | 2019

NPK 2.0: Introducing tensor decompositions to the kinetic analysis of gas–solid reactions

Birkelbach F, Deutsch M, Flegkas S, Winter F, Werner A. NPK 2.0: Introducing tensor decompositions to the kinetic analysis of gas–solid reactions. Int J Chem Kinet. 2019;1–11.

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A method for deriving kinetic models of gas–solid reactions for reactor and process design is presented. It is based on the nonparametric kinetics (NPK) method and resolves many of its shortcomings by applying tensor rank‐1 approximation methods. With this method, it is possible to derive kinetic models based on the general kinetic equation from any combination of experiments without additional a priori assumptions. The most notable improvements over the original method are that it is computationally much simpler and that it is not limited to two variables. Two algorithms for computing the rank‐1 approximation as well as a tailored initialization method are presented, and their performance is assessed. Formulae for the variance estimation of the solution values are derived to improve the accuracy of the model identification and to provide a tool for diagnosing the quality of the kinetic model. The methods effectiveness and performance are assessed by applying it to a simulated data set. A Matlab implementation is available as Supporting Information.

Conference presentations and posters | 2019

Numerical simulation and experimental analysis of a novel small scale biomass grate firing system

Eßl M, Mehrabian R, Shiehnejad-Hesar A, Kelz J, Feldmeier S, Reiterer T, Anca-Couce A, Robert Scharler R. Numerical simulation and experimental analysis of a novel small scale biomass grate firing system. 27th European Biomass Conference & Exhibition (Poster). May 2019.

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The presented grate firing system is a patented small scale screw burner, which is designed for high fuel flexibility. This work focuses on the numerical modelling of the boiler via CFD simulations. The in-house developed CFD models use an Euler – Lagrange approach to predict the thermal degradation of the fuel particles and the subsequent gas-phase reactions. The CFD models are validated with experimental data from a representative measurement campaign where the boiler is operated with softwood pellets and the composition of the flue gas is measured in the primary and secondary combustion zone as well as the boiler outlet. The simulation results agree well with the data acquired in the measurement campaigns.
Keywords: CFD, simulation, combustion, small scale application, wood pellet

 

Conference presentations and posters | 2019

Nutrient recovery by digestate processing

Drosg B, Fuchs W. Nutrient recovery by digestate processing. Second COASTAL Biogas conference (Roskilde, Denmark). Nov 2019.

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Other Publications | 2019

Optimization Based Design and Control of Distributed Energy Resources and Microgrids

Stalder M, Optimization Based Design and Control of Distributed Energy Resources and Microgrids. LetsCluster, Lighthouse Summit in the heart of Europe: Smart Energy Generation - Management - Optimization, Smart Home / Building, Interface to the Smart Grid, Microgrids, Electric Grid of the Future, Sector Linking, Graz, Österreich, 25 - 27 März 2019

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Peer reviewed papers | 2019

Overview obstacle maps for obstacle‐aware navigation of autonomous drones

Pestana J, Maurer M, Muschick D, Hofer M, Fraundorfer F. Overview obstacle maps for obstacle-aware navigation of autonomous drones. Journal of Field Robotics 2019.

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Achieving the autonomous deployment of aerial robots in unknown outdoor environments using only onboard computation is a challenging task. In this study, we have developed a solution to demonstrate the feasibility of autonomously deploying drones in unknown outdoor environments, with the main capability of providing an obstacle map of the area of interest in a short period of time. We focus on use cases where no obstacle maps are available beforehand, for instance, in search and rescue scenarios, and on increasing the autonomy of drones in such situations. Our vision‐based mapping approach consists of two separate steps. First, the drone performs an overview flight at a safe altitude acquiring overlapping nadir images, while creating a high‐quality sparse map of the environment by using a state‐of‐the‐art photogrammetry method. Second, this map is georeferenced, densified by fitting a mesh model and converted into an Octomap obstacle map, which can be continuously updated while performing a task of interest near the ground or in the vicinity of objects. The generation of the overview obstacle map is performed in almost real time on the onboard computer of the drone, a map of size urn:x-wiley:15564959:media:rob21863:rob21863-math-0001 is created in urn:x-wiley:15564959:media:rob21863:rob21863-math-0002, therefore, with enough time remaining for the drone to execute other tasks inside the area of interest during the same flight. We evaluate quantitatively the accuracy of the acquired map and the characteristics of the planned trajectories. We further demonstrate experimentally the safe navigation of the drone in an area mapped with our proposed approach.

Other papers | 2019

Performance evaluation of an electrostatic precipitator in a small-scale biomass boiler by using different biomass feedstocks

Kelz J, Zemann C, Muschick D, Hofmeister G, Gölles M. & Retschitzegger S. Performance evaluation of an electrostatic precipitator in a small-scale biomass boiler by using different biomass feedstocks. Proceedings 27th European Biomass Conference and Exhibition, 27-31 May 2019, Lisbon, Portugal.1932-1938.

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In order to evaluate the performance of an electrostatic precipitator (ESP), comprehensive test runs investigating both particulate matter (PM) and gaseous emissions were performed by using softwood pellets as well as alternative biomass feedstocks such as short rotation coppice (poplar) and biomass residues (maize). An ESP was directly integrated in a commercially available small-scale biomass boiler. Based on wet chemical analyses of the fuels, so-called fuel indexes were calculated to deliver primary information on the expected combustion behaviour. The overall aim was to determine appropriate operating conditions, to optimise combustion parameters in order to minimise PM and gaseous emissions as well as to inhibit ash related problems. This was done by an efficient combination of primary (air staging in combination with an innovative control system) and secondary measures (integration of an ESP) and showed an enormous potential for both, a stable plant operation and reduced PM emissions. Thus the findings provide the basis for developing a fuel flexible, low emission and highly efficient biomass boiler in the sector of small-scale combustion systems.

Other Publications | 2019

Pflanzenkohle-Design - Beeinflussung der Kohleeigenschaften durch gezielte Prozessführung in der Herstellung

Martini S. Pflanzenkohle-Design - Beeinflussung der Kohleeigenschaften durch gezielte Prozessführung in der Herstellung. Big Biochar Day No 3. September 2019.

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Peer reviewed papers | 2019

Photoautotrophic production of poly-hydroxybutyrate – First detailed cost estimations

Panuschka S, Drosg B, Ellersdorfer M, Meixner K, Fritz I. Photoautotrophic production of poly-hydroxybutyrate – First detailed cost estimations. Algal Research 2019.41:101558.

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Political, economic and ecological reasons have recently been leading to efforts to replace fossil hydrocarbons and their products in a sustainable way. In order to replace fossil-based polymers, photoautotrophically produced polyhydroxybutryrates (PHBs), which are intracellular carbon storage products of nutrient-deprived microorganisms, seem to be a promising, biobased and biodegradable alternative. Although laboratory and pilot scale experiments have already been performed, no economic evaluation has been carried out so far. Consequently, valid claims on PHB production costs and the influence of different parameters, such as intracellular PHB-content, choice of cultivation system or location, cannot be made. In this study potential demonstration plants, equipped with different photoautotrophic cultivation systems and located at two sites, were designed to identify key parameters for a successful economic realization and implementation. Material and energy balances were determined to reveal specific PHB production costs for four different scenarios. Raw material and operating supply costs, expenditures for plant construction and operation as well as product amounts were determined using literature data for specified results from laboratory and pilot scale experiments. The lowest calculated PHB production price (24 € kg−1) accomplished in a thin-layer-system plant located in Southern Europe with 60% PHB-content of the produced biomass is significantly higher than the current market price of heterotrophically produced PHB. The most important cost factors in all scenarios are cultivation and harvesting costs accounting for 62 to 72% of the total specific production costs, followed by maintenance costs with a cost share of 11 to 14%. Therefore, the choice of a suitable cultivation system is the key driving factor for an economic PHB-production due to the currently high investment costs for photosynthetic biomass production systems. Specific production costs for a Southern compared to a Central European location amount to almost half of the costs.

Peer reviewed papers | 2019

Planning and implementation of bankable microgrids

Stadler M, Nasle A. Planning and implementation of bankable microgrids. The Electricity Journal 2019. 32:24-29.

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Currently, many Microgrid projects remain financially uncertain and not bankable for institutional investors due to major challenges in existing planning and design methods that require multiple, complex steps and software tools.

Existing techniques treat every Microgrid project as a unique system, resulting in expensive, non-standardized approaches and implementations which cannot be compared. That is, it is not possible to correlate the results from different planning methods performed by different project developers and/or engineering companies.

This very expensive individual process cannot guarantee financial revenue streams, cannot be reliably audited, impedes pooling of multiple Microgrid projects into a financial asset class, nor does it allow for wide-spread and attractive Microgrid and Distributed Energy Resource projects deployment.

Thus, a reliable, integrated, and streamlined process is needed that guides the Microgrid developer and engineer through conceptual design, engineering, detailed electrical design, implementation, and operation in a standardized and data driven approach, creating reliable results and financial indicators that can be audited and repeated by investors and financers.

This article describes the steps and methods involved in creating bankable Microgrids by relying on an integrated Microgrid planning software approach that unifies proven technologies and tested planning methods, researched and developed by the United States National Laboratory System as well as the US Department of Energy, to reduce design times.

Conference presentations and posters | 2019

Practical example: manufacturers’ data vs data from ecoinvent database – a comparison of LCI and LCA

Rixrath D, Wartha C, Enigl M, Strasser C, Piringer G. Practical example: manufacturers’ data vs data from ecoinvent database – a comparison of LCI and LCA. 15. Minisymposium Verfahrenstechnik MU Leoben (Poster). 2019.

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The aim of this work is to analyze biogenic residues and to test
them for their suitability as feedstocks for hydrothermal
liquefaction (HTL). Green waste, sewage sludge, micelles,
leftovers and organic waste were analyzed and tested. All
experiments were carried out in an autoclave at 350 °C with a
holding time of 15 minutes under an inert argon atmosphere. After
the experiments the yields of the gas, aqueous, biocrude and solid
phase were determined together with lipid contents, heating values
and elemental composition of the raw materials and biocrude
samples. Biocrude yields are of specific interest for a future
commercial use of the HTL-process. In this study we achieved
biocrude yields between 9.43% (green waste) and 34.28%
(leftovers).

Other Publications | 2019

Primäre und sekundäre Verbesserungen an einem Biomassekessel für Agrarbrennstoffe

Zemann C, Kelz J, Muschick D, Retschitzegger S, Gölles M. Primäre und sekundäre Verbesserungen an einem Biomassekessel für Agrarbrennstoffe. 10. Fachgespräch: Partikelabscheider in häuslichen Feuerungen. 20. März 2019 (2019). [online]. (Tagungsreader, 15). Leipzig: DBFZ. 168 S.

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ie Biomasseverbrennung spielt eine zentrale Rolle bei der Bereitstellung von Wärme aus erneuerbaren Energieträgern. Konventionelle Biomasse-Brennstoffe werden jedoch aufgrund einer steigenden Anzahl stofflicher Verwertungsmöglichkeiten, wie z.B. der Umwandlung in Chemikalien, teurer und schwieriger zugänglich. Agrarbrennstoffe, die bisher nur selten oder gar nicht in Biomasse-Kleinfeuerungen eingesetzt wurden, stellen eine vielversprechende Alternative zu konventionellen Brennstoffen dar. Diese Agrarbrennstoffe, wie zum Beispiel Kurzumtrieb, Maisspindeln oder Stroh sind kostengünstig und in ausreichender Menge vorhanden. Der Einsatz von Agrarbrennstoffen in konventionellen Biomasse-Kleinfeuerungen ist jedoch aufgrund stark variierender Brennstoffeigenschaften mit erhöhten Anforderungen an das Verbrennungssystem verbunden. Erhöhte N, S, Cl, Alkalimetall- und Aschegehalte sowie niedrigere Aschenschmelzpunkte können zu aschebedingten Problemen (Ascheschmelze, Ascheablagerung und Korrosion) sowie erhöhten Konzentrationen von gasförmigen (CO, NOx, HCl und SOx) und partikelförmigen Emissionen bei der Verbrennung führen.

Ziel der in diesem Beitrag präsentierten Arbeiten war die Erhöhung die Brennstoffflexibilität einer handelsüblichen Biomasse-Kleinfeuerung um damit eine Verbrennung von Agrarbrennstoffen mit niedrigen Schadstoffemissionen und einem hohen Wirkungsgrad zu ermöglichen. Hierzu wurde eine modellbasierte Regelung entwickelt, welche insbesondere eine gezielte Einstellung des Luftverhältnisses in der Primärverbrennungszone ermöglicht und damit das Risiko der Ascheschmelze reduziert und Schadstoffmissionen verringert. Soft-Sensoren bestimmen relevante Brennstoffeigenschaften während des Betriebs, welche von der modellbasierten Regelung zur automatischen Anpassung an geänderte Brennstoffeigenschaften genutzt werden. Die modellbasierte Regelung wurde um eine CO-lambda-Optimierung ergänzt, welche auf Basis von Messwerten des Restsauerstoffgehalts und der CO-Emissionen den Wirkungsgrad der Verbrennung maximiert und gleichzeitig die Schadstoffemissionen verringert. Zur weiteren Verringerung von partikelförmigen Schadstoffemissionen wurde ein am Markt verfügbarer Elektrofilter adaptiert und nach dem Wärmeübertrager der Biomasse-Kleinfeuerung angebracht.

Dieses Verbrennungssystem wurde durch umfassende Testläufe mit begleitenden Emissionsmessungen sowie Brennstoff-, Staub- und Ascheanalysen bewertet. Der Einsatz der modellbasierten Regelung führte zu einem stabileren Betrieb bei allen Leistungen und für alle Brennstoffe. Der Elektrofilter zeigte sehr zufriedenstellende Abscheidegrade für alle untersuchten Brennstoffe und Anlagenleistungen. Dadurch konnte die Brennstoffflexibilität der handelsüblichen Biomasse-Kleinfeuerung erhöht und die Verbrennung von Agrarbrennstoffen ermöglicht werden.

 

Other papers | 2019

Real life emission factor assessment for biomass heating appliances at a field measurement campaign in Styria, Austria

Sturmlechner R, Schmidl C, Carlon E, Reichert G, Stressler H, Klauser F, Kelz J, Schwabl M, Kirchsteiger B, Kasper-Giebl A, Höftberger E, Haslinger W. Real life emission factor assessment for biomass heating appliances at a field measurement campaign in Styria, Austria. Air Pollution 2019 - 27th International Conference on Modelling, Monitoring and Management of Air Pollution, Aveiro (oral presentation). June 2019.

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Biomass combustion is a major contributor to ambient air pollution. Thus, knowing the real-life emissions of biomass heating systems is crucial. Within the project Clean Air by biomass a field measurement campaign was conducted. 15 biomass heating appliances were tested in households at the end user according to their usual operation. Emission factors for gaseous and particulate emissions, as well as for the genotoxic and carcinogenic substance benzo(a)pyrene, were evaluated and compared to current proposed European and Austrian emission factors used for emission inventories. Moreover, the shares of particles and benzo(a)pyrene in hot and cooled flue gas were determined. Results showed a high variability of emissions in the field. Highest values and ranges occurred for room heaters (TSPtotal: 226 mg/MJ). Biomass boilers showed clearly lower emission factors (TSPtotal: 184 mg/MJ) in the field than room heaters and also than the proposed European and Austrian emission factors, in many cases. Emission factors for tiled stoves showed a similar trend (TSPtotal: 67 mg/MJ). The share of condensable particles in the flue gas was remarkable. Especially benzo(a)pyrene was found mostly in the condensable fraction of the particles.

Peer reviewed papers | 2019

Real-life emission factor assessment for biomass heating appliances at a field measurement campaign in Styria, Austria

Sturmlechner R, Schmidl C, Carlon E, Reichert G, Stressler H, Klauser F, Kelz J, Schwabl M, Kirchsteiger B, Kasper-Giebl A, Höftberger E, Haslinger W. Real-life emission factor assessment for biomass heating appliances at a field measurement campaign in Styria, Austria. WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment 2019.236:221-231

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Biomass combustion is a major contributor to ambient air pollution. Thus, knowing the real-life emissions of biomass heating systems is crucial. Within the project Clean Air by biomass a field measurement campaign was conducted. 15 biomass heating appliances were tested in households at the end user according to their usual operation. Emission factors for gaseous and particulate emissions, as well as for the genotoxic and carcinogenic substance benzo(a)pyrene, were evaluated and compared to current proposed European and Austrian emission factors used for emission inventories. Moreover, the shares of particles and benzo(a)pyrene in hot and cooled flue gas were determined. Results showed a high variability of emissions in the field. Highest values and ranges occurred for room heaters (TSPtotal: 226 mg/MJ). Biomass boilers showed clearly lower emission factors (TSPtotal: 184 mg/MJ) in the field than room heaters and also than the proposed European and Austrian emission factors, in many cases. Emission factors for tiled stoves showed a similar trend (TSPtotal: 67 mg/MJ). The share of condensable particles in the flue gas was remarkable. Especially benzo(a)pyrene was found mostly in the condensable fraction of the particles.

Conference presentations and posters | 2019

Reduction of ash-realted problems in large-scale biomass combustion systems via resource efficient low-cost fuel additives

Sommersacher P, Kienzl N, Retschitzegger S. Reduction of ash-realted problems in large-scale biomass combustion systems via resource efficient low-cost fuel additives. 27th European Biomass Conference & Exhibition (Poster). 2019.

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The incineration of waste wood is very often associated with ash-related problems (deposits, slagging and corrosion). This leads to short maintenance intervals, which result in significant power generation losses and high downtime costs. To avoid these problems, additives can be used, with particularly cost-effective additives being of great interest. Based on pre-evaluations, the addition of 2% gypsum and 3% coal fly ash was recommended, since an improved ash melting behaviour and reduced risk for high-temperature corrosion can be expected with addition of gypsum and coal fly ash. These additives with the recommended mixing rates were then investigated in a large-scale plant. Extensive investigations were carried out without additive (as a reference), and with the additives focusing on dust formation (aerosols and total dust), deposit formation and the corrosion behaviour of superheaters. These investigations were accompanied by fuel and ash analyses (grate, cyclone and filter). The addition of additives increased the amount of total dust in the flue gas up to 195% and 262% for gypsum and coal fly ash respectively. The chemical analysis of the total dust showed an enrichment of refectory species like Al for coal fly ash and Ca and Mg for gypsum which can positively influence the slagging behaviour. Aerosol measurements showed that the addition of coal fly ash minimised the amount of fine particulate matter, as less alkali metals (K and Na) were released into the gas phase. Gypsum addition increases the SO2 concentrations in the gas phase due to the decomposition of gypsum, as in the combustion chamber about 900°C are present. Due to the preferred sulphation reactions (binding of S to alkali metals) less Cl is bound to alkali metals and therefore the Cl concentrations in the aerosols were lower compared to the reference case. This effect was also found in the deposits sampled at the position of the superheater. Based on the chemical composition of deposits the molar 2S/Cl ratios were determined, which can be used to predict the risk for high temperature corrosion. The analysis data showed that an improvement concerning the high temperature corrosion risk is possible by adding coal fly ash, whereas a significant improvement in case of gypsum additions seems very likely. The measurements carried out so far showed the influence (built-up rate, chemical composition etc.) of the additive application on ash fractions, deposits and dusts. By taking a closer look at the change in chemical compositions of dusts and deposits, additives with an appropriate additivation ratio can be suggested. In case of coal fly ash 3% and in case of gypsum 1% additive related to dry fuel seems to be adequate additive ratios to positively influence the risk of high temperature corrosion and reduce the slagging behaviour.

Other Publications | 2019

Regelungstechnische Maßnahmen zur Verringerung der Schadstoffemissionen automatisch beschickter Biomassekleinfeuerungen

Zemann C, Gölles M. Regelungstechnische Maßnahmen zur Verringerung der Schadstoffemissionen automatisch beschickter Biomassekleinfeuerungen. 8. Fachkolloquium: Innovative und selbstüberwachende Verbrennungs- und Abgasbehandlungstechnologien zum Einsatz in Biomassefeuerungen. May 2019

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Peer reviewed papers | 2019

Single large wood log conversion in a stove: Experiments and modelling

Anca-Couce A, Caposciutti G, Gruber T, Kelz J, Bauer T, Hochenauer C, Scharler R. Single large wood log conversion in a stove: Experiments and modelling. Renewable Energy 2019.143:890-897.

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Natural draft wood log stoves for residential bioheat production are very popular due to the low fuel costs, the ecological aspect of a renewable energy source and the visual appeal of the flame. However, they have rather high pollutant emissions, specially of unburnt products. The description of large wood logs conversion in stoves needs to be improved to allow a process optimization which can reduce these emissions. The transient conversion of a single wood log in a stove is experimentally investigated with test runs quenching the log after defined time intervals and measuring the flue gas composition and temperatures in the log and stove. The experiments have been described with a volumetric single particle model, which predicts with good accuracy the log conversion until a time of around 30 min, when pyrolysis is almost ending. At that point, log fragmentation takes place and smaller fragments are detached from the log falling onto the bed of embers. Despite the increase in external surface area, char oxidation takes place at a moderate rate. This last stage of wood log conversion in a stove is the most challenging to model. Finally, preliminary recommendations are provided for reducing CO emissions in wood log stoves.

Conference presentations and posters | 2019

Smart Logwood Boiler - A holistic approach for improving the efficiency of residential heating systems. 27th European Biomass Conference & Exhibition.

Zemann C, Deutsch M, Zlabinger S, Hofmeister G, Gölles M, Horn M. Smart Logwood Boiler - A holistic approach for improving the efficiency of residential heating systems. 27th European Biomass Conference & Exhibition. Lisbon. 2019. (Oral presentation, 27.05.2019).

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Conference presentations and posters | 2019

Smart Logwood Boiler – A holistic approach for improving the efficiency of residential heating systems

Zemann C, Deutsch M, Zlabinger S, Hofmeister G, Gölles M, Horn M. Smart Logwood Boiler – A holistic approach for improving the efficiency of residential heating systems. 27th European Biomass Conference & Exhibition (Oral Presentation). May 2019.

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Conference presentations and posters | 2019

Spectroscopic in situ methods for the evaluation of the active centers on ash-layered bed materials from gasification in a fluidized bed reactor

Chlebda D, Aziaba K, Janisch D, Kuba M, Hofbauer H, Łojewska J. Spectroscopic in situ methods for the evaluation of the active centers on ash-layered bed materials from gasification in a fluidized bed reactor. ICPS 2019

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PhD Thesis | 2019

Synchronization of product gas generation and its utilization in industrial dual fluidized bed gasification plants

Nigitz T, Gölles M, Aichernig C, Hofbauer H, Horn, M. Synchronization of the gas production and utilization rates of a solid-to-gas process and a downstream gas-to-X process. 21. Styrian Workshop on Automatic Control. 10 September 2019. Leitring/Wagna, Austria. (oral presentation)

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Reports | 2019

Technological expertise for biomass-based heat, power and transport fuels

Bacovsky D. Technological expertise for biomass-based heat, power and transport fuels. Bioenergy in Austria. October 2019.

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Conference presentations and posters | 2019

Technology mapping of market-available small-scale combustion appliances

Feldmeier S, Wopienka E, Schwarz M, Pfeifer C. Technology mapping of market-available small-scale combustion appliances. 27th European Biomass Conference & Exhibition (Poster). 2019.

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A broad range of different biomass combustion appliances dedicated to domestic heating is available on the market. Depending on the technology the impact of varying properties of biomass fuels on slag formation and emission release may vary. Aspects as the design of the grate section and the selection of individual boiler components as well as operational settings determine the applicability of biomass fuels. Apart from fuel properties also the fuel load on the grate, residence time, air distribution and geometry of grate and combustion chamber affect the degree of slag formation and emission release. Technology indexes determined by means of constructional measures enable a systematic comparison and – in a further step – an assessment of combustion appliances. In this work specific technology indexes were specified and applied to compare technological aspects, which will prospectively allow investigating the technological influence on the combustion performance.

Reports | 2019

Thermal Gasification of low-grade residuals for the production of valuable products and energy

Wagner K, Kuba M, Fuchs J, Müller S. Thermal Gasification of low-grade residuals for the production of valuable products and energy. Publishable final report. June 2019.

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Conference presentations and posters | 2019

Thermal Trouble: Challenges in Optimization and Evaluation of Thermal Energy Systems

Lichtenegger K, Unterberger V, Stadler M, Zellinger M, Carreras F, Moser A. Thermal Trouble: Challenges in Optimization and Evaluation of Thermal Energy Systems. IAPE 2019 : International Conference on Innovative Applied Energy (oral presentation). March 2019.

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Conference presentations and posters | 2019

Time-dependent catalytic activation of inactive k-feldspar by layer formation during fluidized bed conversion with residual fuels

Wagner C, Hammerl C, Kuba M, Hofbauer H. Time-dependent catalytic activation of inactive k-feldspar by layer formation during fluidized bed conversion with residual fuels. 27th European Biomass Conference & Exhibition (Poster). May 2019.

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Olivine is currently used as bed material in dual fluidized bed steam gasification due to its catalytic activity towards the water-gas-shift (WGS) reaction and tar reforming. However, olivine contains traces of heavy metals which necessitate an expensive disposal of the accruing ash. The study of alternative bed materials for DFB steam gasification is therefore of major importance. The activity of a bed material is one important factor when classifying its suitability. Several alternative bed materials like quartz and K-feldspar are non-active when fresh but become activated during operation by interaction with the ash by forming layers. The focus of this work was therefore to quantify the initial activation of K-feldspar over the first operational hours as exemplary inactive bed material. Bed material samples from fluidized bed combustion were collected during operation. The fuels used were bark, chicken manure and a bark/chicken manure mixture. The obtained samples were sieved to 200 – 250 µm and tested in a micro-scale test-rig regarding the WGS reaction. A time-dependent activation of K-feldspar was observed marking a first step in better understanding the activation of bed materials.

Conference presentations and posters | 2019

Towards the in house production of enzymes using processing waste

Weiss R, Nyanhongo G, Ortner M, Guebitz G.Towards the in house production of enzymes using processing waste. 15th International Conference on Renewable Resources and Biorefineries, Toulouse, FRANCE. June 2019.

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Other Publications | 2018

100% ein Zukunftsprojekt; Innovatives Forschungslabor am Technopol Wieselburg

Aigenbauer S, Stadler M, Zellinger M. 100% ein Zukunftsprojekt; Innovatives Forschungslabor am Technopol Wieselburg. TGA Planung 2020. December 2019

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Other Publications | 2018

A flexible low cost PV/EV microgrid controller concept based on a Raspberry Pi

Stadler M. A flexible low cost PV/EV microgrid controller concept based on a Raspberry Pi. Working Paper, Center for Energy and innovative Technologies (CET) and Bioenergy 2020+ GmbH, June 2018.

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Peer reviewed papers | 2018

A higher-order generalization of the NPK-method.

Birkelbach F, Deutsch M, Flegkas S, Winter F, Werner A. A higher-order generalization of the NPK-method. Thermochimica Acta, 9 January 2018;661:27-33.

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A novel algorithm to identify the full kinetic model of solid state reactions according to the General Kinetic Equation is presented. It is a higher-order generalization of the Non-Parametric Kinetics method (NPK-method) and allows for the simultaneous identification of the conversion, temperature and pressure dependency from any combination of measurements. As a model-free identification method, it does not rely on a-priori assumptions about the kinetic model. The result vectors can be used to identify the kinetic parameters by means of model fitting for each variable independently.

The steps of the algorithm are described and its effectiveness is demonstrated by applying it to simulated datasets. The kinetic parameters could be recovered very accurately from the test data, also in the presence of noise.

Overall the higher order NPK-method is a very promising approach to derive kinetic models from experimental data with a minimum of a-priori assumptions about the reaction.

Conference presentations and posters | 2018

Adaptive forecasting methods for the prediction of future solar yield of solar thermal plants and heat demand of consumers

Unterberger V, Nigitz T, Luzzu M, Innerhofer P, Muschick D, Gölles M. Adaptive forecasting methods for the prediction of future solar yield of solar thermal plants and heat demand of consumers. 5th International Solar District Heating Conference SDH. Graz, Austria: 2018.

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Other papers | 2018

Adaptive Methods for Energy Forecasting of Production and Demand of Solar Assisted Heating Systems

Unterberger V, Nigitz T, Luzzu M, Muschick D, Gölles M. Adaptive Methods for Energy Forecasting of Production and Demand of Solar Assisted Heating Systems., Proceeding of Papers Vol1, p170-181 International conference on time series and forecasting, Granada, Spain, September 19-21, 2018.

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Peer reviewed papers | 2018

Adsorptive on-board desulfurization over multiple cycles for fuel-cell-based auxiliary power units operated by different types of fuels

Neubauer, R, Weinlaender C, Kienzl N, Bitschnau B, Schroettner H, Hochenauer C. Adsorptive on-board desulfurization over multiple cycles for fuel-cell-based auxiliary power units operated by different types of fuels. Journal of Power Sources. 1 May 2018, 385: 45-54.

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On-board desulfurization is essential to operate fuel-cell-based auxiliary power units (APU) with commercial fuels. In this work, both (i) on-board desulfurization and (ii) on-board regeneration performance of Ag-Al2O3 adsorbent is investigated in a comprehensive manner. The herein investigated regeneration strategy uses hot APU off-gas as the regeneration medium and requires no additional reagents, tanks, nor heat exchangers and thus has remarkable advantages in comparison to state-of-the-art regeneration strategies. The results for (i) show high desulfurization performance of Ag-Al2O3 under all relevant operating conditions and specify the influence of individual operation parameters and the combination of them, which have not yet been quantified. The system integrated regeneration strategy (ii) shows excellent regeneration performance recovering 100% of the initial adsorption capacity for all investigated types of fuels and sulfur heterocycles. Even the adsorption capacity of the most challenging dibenzothiophene in terms of regeneration is restored to 100% over 14 cycles of operation. Subsequent material analyses proved the thermal and chemical stability of all relevant adsorption sites under APU off-gas conditions. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time 100% regeneration after adsorption of dibenzothiophene is reported over 14 cycles of operation for thermal regeneration in oxidizing atmospheres.

Other papers | 2018

Assessment of the Behaviour of a Commercial Gasification Plant During Load Modulation and Feedstock Moisture Variation: Preliminary results of the "Flexi-Fuel-Gas-Control" Project

Antolini D, Hollenstein C, Martini S, Patuzzi F, Zemann C, Felsberger W, Baratieri M, Gölles M. Assessment of the Behaviour of a Commercial Gasification Plant During Load Modulation and Feedstock Moisture Variation: Preliminary results of the "Flexi-Fuel-Gas-Control" Project. 7th International conference on Engineering for Waste and Biomass Valorisation. 2.-5. July 2018. Prague: Czech Republic.

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Peer reviewed papers | 2018

Catalytic Efficiency of Oxidizing Honeycomb Catalysts Integrated in Firewood Stoves Evaluated by a Novel Measuring Methodology under Real-Life Operating Conditions

Reichert G, Schmidl C, Haslinger W, Stressler H, Sturmlechner R, Schwabl M, Wöhler M, Hochenauer C. Catalytic Efficiency of Oxidizing Honeycomb Catalysts Integrated in Firewood Stoves Evaluated by a Novel Measuring Methodology under Real-Life Operating Conditions. Renewable Energy, March 2018;117:300-313.

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Catalytic systems integrated in firewood stoves represent a potential secondary measure for emission reduction. However, the evaluation of catalytic efficiency is challenging since measurements, especially for PM emissions, upstream an integrated catalyst are not possible. Therefore, a special test facility, called “DemoCat”, was constructed which enabled parallel measurements in catalytically treated and untreated flue gas. The catalytic efficiency for CO, OGC and PM emissions was investigated under real-life operating conditions including ignition and preheating. The results confirmed a significant emission reduction potential (CO: > 95%, OGC: > 60%, PM: ∼30%). The conversion rates of CO and OGC emissions correlated with the space velocity and the coated area of honeycomb carriers which represent key parameters for the integration design. A quick response of the catalytic effect of around 5–12 min after ignition was observed when reaching 250 °C flue gas temperature at the catalyst. Most effective CO and OGC emission conversion was evident during the start-up and burn-out phase of a firewood batch. This reveals an important synergy for primary optimization which focuses particularly on the stretched intermediate phase of a combustion batch. The catalytic effect on PM emissions, especially on chemical composition, needs further investigations.

Reports | 2018

CO2-Einsparungskosten

Analyse der Sektoren Mobilität und Wärmebereitstellung

Strasser C, Sturmlechner R, Schwarz M. CO2-Einsparungskosten.2018

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Dieser Bericht bietet eine ERhebung dero CO2e-Einsparungskosten außerhalb des ETS-Handels für den Bereich der Mobilität sowie der Wärmebereitstellung im häuslichen Sektor und Fern- und Nahwärme.

Peer reviewed papers | 2018

Cyanobacteria Biorefinery — Production of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) with Synechocystis salina and utilisation of residual biomass

Meixner K, Kovalcik A, Sykacek E, Gruber-Brunhumer M, Zeilinger W, Markl K, Haas C, Fritz I, Mundigler N, Stelzer F, Neureiter M, Fuchs W, Drosg B. Cyanobacteria Biorefinery — Production of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) with Synechocystis salina and utilisation of residual biomass. Journal of Biotechnology. 10 January 2018;265(10): 46-53

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Reports | 2018

Deliverable 7.1 - Technology Assessment Research Infrastructures

Safi C, Mulder W, Kienzl N, Retschitzegger S, et al.. Deliverable 7.1 - Technology Assessment Research Infrastructures. BRISK II - Deliverable. October 2018.

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Peer reviewed papers | 2018

Determination of off-gassing and self-heating potential of wood pellets - Method comparison and correlation analysis

Sedlmayer I, Arshadi M, Haslinger W, Hofbauer H, Larsson I, Lönnermark A, Pollex A, Schmidl C, Stelte W, Wopienka E, Bauer-Emhofer W. Determination of off-gassing and self-heating potential of wood pellets - Method comparison and correlation analysis. Fuel 2018;234:894-903.

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Several methods for identifying the phenomena of self-heating and off-gassing during production, transportation and storage of wood pellets have been developed in recent years. Research focused on the exploration of the underlying mechanisms, influencing factors or the quantification of self-heating or off-gassing tendencies. The present study aims at identifying a clear correlation between self-heating and off-gassing. Thus, different methods for determining self-heating and off-gassing potentials of wood pellets are compared. Therefore, eleven wood pellet batches from the European market were analyzed. For this investigation, three methods for the determination of self-heating, like isothermal calorimetry, oxi-press and thermogravimetric analysis, and four methods for off-gassing, like volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions measurements, gas phase analysis of stored pellets in a closed container by offline and by glass flask method and determination of fatty and resin acids content, were performed. Results were ranked according to the self-heating and off-gassing tendency providing a common overview of the analyzed pellets batches. Relations between different methods were investigated by Spearman’s correlation coefficient. Evaluation of the results revealed an equal suitability of offline and glass flask methods to predict off-gassing tendency and indicated a very significant correlation with isothermal calorimetry for the identification of self-heating tendency. The thermogravimetric analysis as well as the fatty and resin acids determination proved to be insufficient for the exclusive assessment of self-heating and off-gassing tendency, respectively.

Peer reviewed papers | 2018

Development of a compact technique to measure benzo(a)pyrene emissions from residential wood combustion, and subsequent testing in six modern wood boilers

Klauser F, Schwabl M, Kistler M, Sedlmayer I, Kienzl N, Weissinger A, Schmidl C, Haslinger W, Kasper-Giebl A. Development of a compact technique to measure benzo(a)pyrene emissions from residential wood combustion, and subsequent testing in six modern wood boilers. Biomass and Bioenergy. April 2018, 111: 288-300.

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Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are emitted during incomplete combustion of organic materials and are particularly harmful to human health. As a representative of PAHs, Benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) is restricted by the European Union to an annual average value of 1 ng m−3 in ambient air. This threshold is significantly exceeded during the heating season in various regions. Residential wood combustion furnaces are considered to be a major source for BaP pollution.

In this research, a compact sampling method for BaP measurements was validated. Afterwards, the method was used to assess emissions from modern automatic wood boilers, in order to obtain a detailed knowledge of BaP emissions from residential wood combustion furnaces.

It was demonstrated that, for a wide range of BaP concentrations, sampling from the hot flue gas of residential wood combustors can be carried out effectively over a simple quartz filter, after proper dilution with cold purified air. Highest BaP emissions from the investigated boilers occurred during start, with a mean concentration value of 6.3 μg m-3. All values refer to standard conditions (273.15 °C, 100 kPa) and to an O2 volume fraction of 13% in the dry flue gas. The lowest concentrations occurred during full load operation (mean value 73 ng m-3 at STP). It was found that, amongst all flue gas compounds analysed, elemental carbon is the parameter most closely related to BaP. This work demonstrates, at optimal operating conditions, modern automatic wood boilers have potentially lowest BaP emission concentrations amongst residential wood combustion furnaces.

Peer reviewed papers | 2018

Emission characterisation of modern wood stoves under real-life oriented operating conditions

Klauser F, Carlon E, Kistler M, Schmidl C, Schwabl M, Sturmlechner R, Haslinger W, Kasper-Giebl A. Emission characterisation of modern wood stoves under real-life oriented operating conditions. Atmospheric Environment 2018;192:257-266.

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The quality of emission inventories substantially bases on the reliability of used emission factors (EFs). In this work EFs were studied according to recently published characterization methods, called “beReal”, reflecting real life operating conditions in Europe. EFs for four pellet stoves and nine firewood appliances (roomheaters and cookers) of carbon monoxide (CO), organic gaseous compounds (OGC), nitrogen oxides, total solid particles (TSP) of hot and of diluted flue gas, total, elemental and organic carbon (TC, EC, OC) and benzo(a)pyrene were determined.

CO, OGC, TSPs, TC, EC and OC emissions from firewood appliances were significantly higher than for pellet stoves, indicating the high relevance of classifying appliances according to the operation type. TSP sampled from diluted flue gas at 40 °C (28 mg MJ−1 to 271 mg MJ−1 based on fuel input) was higher than TSP sampled from hot flue gas (21 mg MJ−1 to 70 mg MJ−1). This reveals the high relevance of sampling conditions for the determination of real life emissions. Benzo(a)pyrene emissions scattered over a wide range (0.5 μg MJ−1 to 129.8 μg MJ−1) indicating high sensitivity to unfavorable combustion conditions. Therefore a higher number of experimentally determined emissions factors could improve the reliability of EFs for inventories. CO emissions measured in beReal tests were substantially higher than official type tests, thus showing that type testing results provide limited information for the determination of real life emissions.

A systematic evaluation of EFs with defined real life methods like beReal would substantially improve the reliability of emission inventories.

Peer reviewed papers | 2018

Evaluation of the Potential for Efficiency Increase by the Application of Model-Based Control Strategies in Large-Scale Solar Thermal Plants

Unterberger V, Lichtenegger K, Innerhofer P, Gerardts B, Gölles M. Evaluation of the Potential for Efficiency Increase by the Application of Model-Based Control Strategies in Large-Scale Solar Thermal Plants. International Journal of Contemporary ENERGY. 2018; 4(1): 549-559.

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This paper presents a systematic evaluation procedure to estimate the potential for performance improvement by applying model-based control strategies in large-scale thermal plants. The evaluation is performed separately for the low-level control which is in charge of the temperatures in the collector fields and for the high-level control which defines the general mode of operation of a plant. In order to evaluate the potential for the low-level control, simulation studies have been carried out, based on the assumption that the individual flows through the collector fields can be controlled separately. This can be achieved by an advanced model-based control which makes use of motor-driven control valves at the inlets of the collector fields. The potential of the high-level control has been evaluated by energy calculations based on measurement data from a typical large-scale solar thermal plant. The evaluation finally identified a potential for efficiency increase in the range of 8% for the low- level control and about 3% for the high-level control.
Peer reviewed papers | 2018

Experimental demonstration and validation of hydrogen production based on gasification of lignocellulosic feedstock

Loipersböck J, Luisser M, Müller S, Hofbauer H, Rauch R. Experimental demonstration and validation of hydrogen production based on gasification of lignocellulosic feedstock. 2018.2:61-73.

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The worldwide production of hydrogen in 2010 was estimated to be approximately 50 Mt/a, mostly based on fossil fuels. By using lignocellulosic feedstock, an environmentally friendly hydrogen production route can be established. A flow sheet simulation for a biomass based hydrogen production plant was published in a previous work. The plant layout consisted of a dual fluidized bed gasifier including a gas cooler and a dust filter. Subsequently, a water gas shift plant was installed to enhance the hydrogen yield and a biodiesel scrubber was used to remove tars and water from the syngas. CO2 was removed and the gas was compressed to separate hydrogen in a pressure swing adsorption. A steam reformer was used to reform the hydrocarbon-rich tail gas of the pressure swing adsorption and increase the hydrogen yield. Based on this work, a research facility was erected and the results were validated. These results were used to upscale the research plant to a 10 MW fuel feed scale. A validation of the system showed a chemical efficiency of the system of 60% and an overall efficiency of 55%, which indicates the high potential of this technology

Peer reviewed papers | 2018

Experimental parametric study in industrial-scale dual fluid bed gasification of woody biomass: Influences on product gas and tar composition

Kuba M, Hofbauer H. Experimental parametric study in industrial-scale dual fluid bed gasification of woody biomass: Influences on product gas and tar composition. Biomass and Bioenergy. 2018, 115: 35-44.

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Tar measurements at two industrial-scale DFB gasification plants showed clear trends regarding the influence of the above mentioned parameters on the product gas and tar composition. Since data was gathered during tar measurement campaigns over the course of four years the density of information in industrial-scale was increased significantly. As different operation points, e.g. different capacities of the power plant, are included in the consideration, the verisimilitude is comparably high.

It was shown, that reducing the operation temperature leads to an increase of the total tar amounts. However, while the concentration of the tar compounds benzofuran, styrene, and 1H-indene was increased when lowering the temperature, the concentration of naphthalene was decreased. These results were in good correlation with previous work from lab-scale investigations. The temperature did not have a measureable influence on the concentration of the tar compounds anthracene and ace-naphthalene, which was against former experience from lab-scale. The concentration of those larger PAHs anthracene and ace-naphthalene was more dominantly influenced by the bed height in the gasification reactor. Increasing the bed height led to a decrease of the concentration of larger PAHs while it did not have a distinctive influence on benzofuran, styrene, and 1H-indene.

The reactor design was identified as an influencing effect, due to the presence of a moving bed section above the inclined wall, where no fluidization is ensured. Thus, additional fluidization nozzles were installed to reduce the effect of the inclined wall. Finally, two operation points for optimized long-term operation were derived from the results.

Peer reviewed papers | 2018

Experiments and modelling of NOx precursors release (NH3 and HCN) in fixed-bed biomass combustion conditions

Anca-Couce A, Sommersacher P, Evic N, Mehrabian R, Scharler R. Experiments and modelling of NOx precursors release (NH3 and HCN) in fixed-bed biomass combustion conditions. Fuel. 2018, 222: 529-537.

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There is a need to reduce NOx emissions, which can only be achieved through a detailed understanding of the mechanisms for their formation and reduction. In this work the release of the NOx precursors, NH3 and HCN, for different fuels is experimentally analysed and modelled in typical fixed-bed combustion conditions. It is shown that NH3 and HCN are released during the main devolatilization phase and the NH3/HCN ratio increases for fuels with a higher nitrogen content. A simplified two-steps model for their release is presented. The model can predict with a reasonable accuracy the release for fuels with a low nitrogen content, however deviations are present for fuels with a high nitrogen content, which probably arise due to a reduction of NH3 and HCN taking place already in the bed.

Peer reviewed papers | 2018

Hydrogen production within a polygeneration concept based on dual fluidized bed biomass steam gasification

Kraussler M, Binder M, Schindler P, Hofbauer H. Hydrogen production within a polygeneration concept based on dual fluidized bed biomass steam gasification. Biomass and Bioenergy. April 2018, 111: 320-329.

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Dual fluidized bed biomass steam gasification generates a high calorific, practically nitrogen-free product gas with a volumetric H2 content of about 40%. Therefore, this could be a promising route for a polygeneration concept aiming at the production of valuable gases (for example H2), electricity, and heat. In this paper, a lab-scale process chain, based on state of the art unit operations, which processed a tar-rich product gas from a commercial dual fluidized bed biomass steam gasification plant, is investigated regarding H2 production within a polygeneration concept. The lab-scale process chain employed a water gas shift step, two gas scrubbing steps, and a pressure swing adsorption step. During the investigations, a volumetric H2 concentration of 99.9% with a specific H2 production of 30 g kg−1 biomass was reached. In addition, a valuable off-gas stream with a lower heating value of 7.9 MJ m−3 was produced. Moreover, a techno-economic assessment shows the economic feasibility of such a polygeneration concept, if certain feed in tariffs for renewable electricity and H2 exist. Consequently, these results show, that the dual fluidized bed biomass steam gasification technology is a promising route for a polygeneration concept, which aims at the production of H2, electricity, and district heat.

Peer reviewed papers | 2018

Impact of Oxidizing Honeycomb Catalysts Integrated in Firewood Stoves on Emissions under Real-Life Operating Conditions

Reichert G, Schmidl C, Haslinger W, Stressler H, Sturmlechner R, Schwabl M, Wöhler M, Hochenauer C. Impact of Oxidizing Honeycomb Catalysts Integrated in Firewood Stoves on Emissions under Real-Life Operating Conditions. Fuel Processing Technology. 2018; 117: 300-313.

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Catalytic systems integrated in firewood stoves represent a secondary measure for emission reduction. This study evaluates the impact on emissions of two types of honeycomb catalysts integrated in different firewood stoves. The tests were conducted under real-life related testing conditions. The pressure drop induced by the catalyst's carrier geometry affects primary combustion conditions which can influence the emissions. A negative primary effect reduces the catalytic efficiency and has to be considered for developing catalyst integrated solutions. However, a significant net emission reduction was observed. The ceramic catalyst reduced CO emissions by 83%. The metallic catalyst reduced CO emissions by 93% which was significantly better compared to the ceramic catalyst. The net emission reduction of OGC (~30%) and PM (~20%) was similar for both types of catalysts. In most cases, the “Ecodesign” emission limit values, which will enter into force in 2022 for new stoves, were met although the ignition and preheating batches were respected. PM emission composition showed a lower share of elemental (EC) and organic carbon (OC) with integrated catalyst. However, no selectivity towards more reduction of EC or OC was observed. Further investigations should evaluate the long term stability under real-life operation in the field and the effect of the catalyst on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) emissions.

Peer reviewed papers | 2018

Improving exploitation of chicken manure via two-stage anaerobic digestion with an intermediate membrane contactor to extract ammonia

Wang X, Gabauer W, Li Z, Ortner M, Fuchs W. Improving exploitation of chicken manure via two-stage anaerobic digestion with an intermediate membrane contactor to extract ammonia. Bioresource Technology 2018;368:811-814.

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This study describes a modified process of ammonia release through pre-hydrolysis – ammonia removal via membrane contactor – methanization for counteracting ammonia inhibition in anaerobic digestion of chicken manure. In the pre-hydrolysis step, ammonia was rapidly released within the first 3–5 days. 78%-83% of the total nitrogen was finally converted into total ammonia/ammonium (TAN) with volatile fatty acids concentration of approximately 300 g/kg·VS. In the ammonia removal process, diluting the hydrolyzed chicken manure to 1:2, the TAN could be reduced to 2 g/kg in 21 h when pH was increased to 9. The final BMP test of chicken manure verified that lower TAN concentration (decreased to 2 g/kg) significantly reduced inhibitory effects, obtaining a high methane yield of 437.0 mL/g·VS. The investigations underlined several advantages of this modified process.

Peer reviewed papers | 2018

Influence of drag laws on pressure and bed material recirculation rate in a cold flow model of an 8 MW dual fluidized bed system by means of CPFD

Kraft S, Kirnbauer F, Hofbauer H. Influence of drag laws on pressure and bed material recirculation rate in a cold flow model of an 8 MW dual fluidized bed system by means of CPFD. Particuology, February 2018;36:70-81.

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A cold flow model of an 8 MW dual fluidized bed (DFB) system is simulated using the commercial computational particle fluid dynamics (CPFD) software package Barracuda. The DFB system comprises a bubbling bed connected to a fast fluidized bed with the bed material circulating between them. As the hydrodynamics in hot DFB plants are complex because of high temperatures and many chemical reaction processes, cold flow models are used. Performing numerical simulations of cold flows enables a focus on the hydrodynamics as the chemistry and heat and mass transfer processes can be put aside. The drag law has a major influence on the hydrodynamics, and therefore its influence on pressure, particle distribution, and bed material recirculation rate is calculated using Barracuda and its results are compared with experimental results. The drag laws used were energy-minimization multiscale (EMMS), Ganser, Turton–Levenspiel, and a combination of Wen–Yu/Ergun. Eleven operating points were chosen for that study and each was calculated with the aforementioned drag laws. The EMMS drag law best predicted the pressure and distribution of the bed material in the different parts of the DFB system. For predicting the bed material recirculation rate, the Ganser drag law showed the best results. However, the drag laws often were not able to predict the experimentally found trends of the bed material recirculation rate. Indeed, the drag law significantly influences the hydrodynamic outcomes in a DFB system and must be chosen carefully to obtain meaningful simulation results. More research may enable recommendations as to which drag law is useful in simulations of a DFB system with CPFD.

Reports | 2018

Modellbasierte Regelung und Elektrofilterintegration zur schadstoffarmen Verbrennung alternativer Biomassebrennstoffe

Muschick D, Zemann C, Kelz J, Hofmeister G, Gölles M. Modellbasierte Regelung und Elektrofilterintegration zur schadstoffarmen Verbrennung alternativer Biomassebrennstoffe. FFG, Energieforschungsprogramm 1. Ausschreibung. 2018.

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Reports | 2018

Modellbasierte Regelung von Scheitholzkesseln mit Pufferspeicher - Smart logwood boiler

Endbericht

Deutsch M, Gölles M, Zemann C, Zlabinger S. Modellbasierte Regelung von Scheitholzkesseln mit Pufferspeicher - Smart logwood boiler. FFG, Energieforschungsprogramm 1. Ausschreibung. 2018.

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Scheitholzkessel sind die in Europa immer noch am stärksten verbreitete Form von Holz-basierten Zentralheizungssystemen. Der Bestand ist überaltert und weist die größten Anteile an den verursachten Schadstoffemissionen aus Festbrennstoffzentralheizungssystemen auf. Das Ziel des Projektes, die komplette Neuentwicklung einer modellbasierten Regelung für Scheitholzkessel mit Pufferspeichern und einer Solaranlage, stellte einen Technologie-sprung in Richtung einer drastischen Reduktion der Schadstoffemissionen (CO, org. C, Fein-staub) bei gleichzeitiger Erhöhung des Nutzungsgrades und Benutzerkomforts dar. Dabei erfolgte sowohl die übergeordnete Regelung des Zusammenspiels der Komponenten (Systemregelung) als auch die Regelung der einzelnen Komponenten (Feuerungsregelung, Hydraulikregelung) modellbasiert. Die neue Regelung basiert auf einer gezielten Interaktion mit dem Benutzer, in welcher der Benutzer zielgerichtet zum Nachlegen einer bestimmten Brennstoffmenge in einem bestimmten Zeitraum aufgefordert wird. Zusätzlich dazu werden alle Teilprozesse (Verbrennung des Scheitholzes, Übertragung der Wärme in den Pufferspeicher, usw.) modellbasiert und damit deutlich effizienter und genauer geregelt. Im Fall der Feuerungsregelung wurde zusätzlich zur modellbasierten Regelung von Vorlauf-temperatur und Sauerstoffgehalt auch eine innovative CO-l-Regelung eingesetzt, die basierend auf einer kontinuierlichen Schätzung der CO- l-Charakteristik unter Verwendung eines kombinierten Sensors zur Sauerstoffmessung und Detektion unverbrannter Kompo-nenten stets einen für den aktuellen Betriebszustand optimalen Sollwert für den Sauer-stoffgehalt vorgibt. Die laufende Anpassung des Sauerstoffgehaltes führt zu einer deutlichen Reduktion der Schadstoffemissionen (CO, org. C, Feinstaub). Zum Erreichen dieser Ziele wurden im Wesentlichen folgende Schritte durchgeführt:

  • Experimentelle Untersuchung und Modellierung des Abbrandverhaltens von Scheitholz (inklusive der CO-l-Charakteristik)
  • Entwicklung einer übergeordneten modellbasierten Systemregelung
  • Entwicklung einer modellbasierten Feuerungsregelung (inkl. CO-l-Regelung) für einen effizienten und schadstoffarmen Betrieb des Scheitholkessels
  • Experimentelle Bewertung des Potentials der modellbasierten Regelung
  • Analyse der Anforderungen zur Anpassung der Regelung an andere Konfigurationen

 

Das beantragte Projekt leistete somit einen entscheidenden Beitrag zum Ausschreibungs-schwerpunkt „Effiziente und emissionsarme Klein- und Kleinstfeuerungen durch Integration einer intelligenten Verbrennungs- und Leistungsregelung“ und ging zusätzlich explizit auf die im Ausschreibungsleitfaden adressierte Verwendung von kombinierten Sensorsystemen wie CO- l-Sensorsysteme zur Verbrennungsregelung ein. Dabei ist insbesondere hervorzuheben, dass der durchdachte Ansatz das Sensorsignal zu Schätzung der CO- l-Charakteristik zu verwenden den wesentlichen Vorteil mit sich bringt, dass die exakte Messung der CO-Emissionen durch den Sensor nicht erforderlich ist, sondern es ausreicht, wenn dieser die Tendenzen richtig wiedergibt.

Other Publications | 2018

Modular Energy Management Systems for future cross-sectoral energy systems

Muschick D, Moser A, Stadler M, Gölles M. Modular Energy Management Systems for future cross-sectoral energy systems. World Sustainable Energy Days 2018.

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Conference presentations and posters | 2018

Modular optimization-based energy management framework for cross-sectoral energy networks

Muschick D, Gölles M, Moser A. Modular optimization-based energy management framework for cross-sectoral energy networks. 5th International Solar District Heating Conference SDH. Graz, Austria: 2018. (Poster)

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